Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KNPE 452 > CH 1 > Flashcards

CH 1 Flashcards

1
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary, hollow organs like bronchioles, GI tract, blood vessels
not striated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cardiac muscle

A

involuntary, heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary, needs neural stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

mysium

A

connective sheaths that transfer force production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

epimysium

A

surrounds the entire muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

perimysium

A

surrounds singular fasciculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

fasciculus

A

bundle of muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

endomysium

A

surrounds individual muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

tendon

A

connects muscle to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sarcolemma

A

the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

transverse tubules

A

enfolding of the sarcolemma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

wrap completely around the fiber, stores Ca+2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

myofibrils

A

column containing myofilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

mitochondria

A

ATP production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

sarcomere

A

the functional unit of a myofibril, Z-line to Z-line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

myofilaments

A

contractile filaments of a sarcomere (actin and myosin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

actin

A

thin contains myosin-binding sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

myosin

A

thick contains head to form cross-bridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

tropomyosin

A

lies within the groove of actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

troponin complex

A

protein bound to tropomyosin, Ca+2 binds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

alpha-motor neurons

A

innervate muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

motor unit

A

single alpha-motor neuron and all its fibers it innervates

more motor units = more force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

site of communication between neuron and muscle

24
Q

ligand-gate channel

A

opens in response to binding of a chemical messenger (neurotransmitter)

25
Q

voltage-gated channel

A

opens by changes in electrical membrane potential near the channel (depolarization)

26
Q

skeletal muscle charge at rest

A

-90mV

27
Q

action potential

A

occur in response to depolarization (becomes more +)

28
Q

ion responsible for depolarization

A

Na+

29
Q

ion responsible for repolarization

A

K+

30
Q

voltage-gate Ca+2 channel

A

allows Ca+2 to enter when depolarized

31
Q

ACh

A

neurotransmitter released within the synaptic cleft

32
Q

motor endplate

A

part of the muscle at the NMJ

33
Q

steps of an action potential

A

1) motor neuron AP travels to the synaptic terminal
2) AP opens Ca+2 channels
3) Ca+2 enters synaptic terminal, release ACh, ACh binds to Na+ ligand channels
4) Na+ enters, motor endplate depolarizes
5) Na+ enters muscle fiber, sarcolemma depolarizes (more+)
6) depolarization spreads across the sarcolemma
7) depolarization continues down t-tubules, depolarization of t-tubules
8)opens Ca+2 channels in SR, released from SR into the
cytosol
9) Ca+2 binds to troponin causing conformational change to tropomyosin, exposes cross-bridge binding sites on actin

34
Q

cross-bridge formation

A

1) cross-bridge binds to actin, depolarization, Ca+2 binds to troponin, cross-bridge site exposed, myosin heads energized, binds to actin
2) ADP + Pi released from cross-bridge, results in Powerstroke of cross-bridge, sarcomere shortens
3) ATP binds to myosin cross-bridge, detach actin
4) hydrolysis of ATP energizes cross-bridge, myosin reenergized

35
Q

sliding filament theory

A

always begins with depolarization

1) Ca+2 released from SR
2) Ca+2 binds to troponin, conformational change to tropomyosin
3) cross-bridge binding sites on actin become exposed
4) energized myosin heads bind actin
5) ADP + Pi release from cross-bridge, Powerstroke
6) sarcomere shortens
7) ATP binds to myosin cross-bridge
8) cross-bridge release from actin
9) myosin ATPase breaks down ATP, release energy captured by the myosin head
9) myosin head reenergized

36
Q

a-band

A

length of myosin molecule, unchanged with length, contain both actin and myosin

37
Q

I-bands

A

contain only actin, length reduced

38
Q

H-zone

A

contains only myosin, length reduced

39
Q

Z-lines

A

borders of the sarcomere

40
Q

type I muscle fiber

A

slow-twitch, response to single AP, slow oxidative, high fatigue, high oxidative capacity,

41
Q

type II

A

fast-twitch, larger

42
Q

type IIa

A

fast oxidative/glycolytic (FOG), small cell body,

43
Q

type IIx

A

fast glycolytic (FG)

44
Q

type I during exercise

A

high aerobic endurance, maintain exercise for long times, requires oxygen, recruited during low intensity, daily activities, uses fat for ATP

45
Q

type IIa during exercise

A

fatigue quickly, faster, short, high-intensity endurance events

46
Q

type IIx during exercise

A

short, explosive activities

47
Q

fiber type determinants

A

genetics
training factors
aging

48
Q

recruitment order

A

type I, type IIa, type IIx

49
Q

size principle

A

as force requirements increase, there is orderly recruitment of progressively larger motor units directly related to the size of alpha-motor neuron

50
Q

static (isometric) contraction

A

muscle produces force but doesn’t change length, attempts Powerstroke but doesn’t occur
joint angle doesn’t change
myosin cross-bridge form and recycle, no sliding

51
Q

dynamic contraction

A

muscle produces force and length, joint movement

52
Q

concentric contraction

A

muscle shortens while producing force

53
Q

eccentric contraction

A

muscle lengthens while producing force

54
Q

two factors of generation of force

A

1) motor unit recruitment

2) frequency of stimulation

55
Q

length-tension relationship

A

optimal sarcomere length = optimal overlap

too short or too stretched = little or no force

56
Q

speed-force relationship

A

“force-velocity relationship”

max force development decreases at higher speeds during concentric muscle actions

KNPE 452 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions