Unit 2: Early Civilizations Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why did early civilizations first develop in river valleys?

A

These river valleys offered rich soil and irrigation water for agriculture, and they tended to be in locations easily protected from invasion by nomadic peoples.

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2
Q

Between which two rivers did Mesopotamia develop?

A

Tigris and Euphrates

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3
Q

Which river was very important to Egyptian civilizations?

A

The Nile

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4
Q

Which two rivers were important to the development of early Indian civilizations?

A

Gupta and the Indus

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5
Q

Which river did Chinese civilizations first develop on?

A

Huang He

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6
Q

Which early writing form did the Sumerians first develop?

A

Cuneiform

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7
Q

Which writing form developed in India?

A

Sanskrit

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8
Q

Which early writing form developed in China?

A

Oracle Bone Writing

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9
Q

Who developed one of the world’s first alphabets?

A

the Phoenicians

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10
Q

What religion did the Persians practice?

A

Zoroastrianism

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11
Q

What made the Persian empire different from other empires?

A

they practiced tolerance of the people they conquered

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12
Q

What achievements are the Persians known for?

A

Development of an imperial bureaucracy and Construction of a road system

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13
Q

What physical barriers made it difficult to invade India?

A

the Himalayas, the Hindu Kush, and the Indian Ocean,

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14
Q

Which two Indus River Valley civilizations were two of the earlies to develop?

A

Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

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15
Q

What is the caste system rooted in?

A

the Varnas and the Jati

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16
Q

What were the varnas?

A

The varnas were idealized in the Vedas to organize society equally by skill.

17
Q

What were the jati?

A

Jatis was used to describe divisions by occupation. Jatis were governed by birth.

18
Q

Who was the Mauryan ruler that helped expand the empire?

A

Asoka

19
Q

What were important contributions of the Mauryan empire?

A

Spread of Buddhism, free hospitals, veterinary clinics, good roads

20
Q

Which empire was considered the golden age of India?

A

Gupta

21
Q

What were important contributions of the Gupta empire?

A

Mathematics (concept of zero), medical advances (setting bones), astronomy (concept of a round earth), new textiles, literature

22
Q

Which two religions develop in India?

A

Hinduism and Buddhism