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Biology 12 > UNIT 2 | DNA > Flashcards

UNIT 2 | DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 main components of DNA nucleotides?

A 
Sides:
  1. Sugar (deoxyribose)
  2. Phosphate
Rungs:
  3. Base (nitrogenous)
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2
Q

Pair the correct pyrimidines and purines of DNA:
Adenine, Guanine - purines
Thymine, Cytosine - pyrimidines

A

Adenine - Thymine

Guanine - Cytosine

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3
Q

Define purine

A

Two carbon rings

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4
Q

Define pyrimidine

A

One carbon ring

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5
Q

Helicase

A

Unwinds and unzips by breaking hydrogen bonds between bases

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6
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Builds a new DNA strand by reading the parent strand and matching the nucleotides

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7
Q

Primase

A

Initializes the entire process and sets a path for DNA polymerase to follow

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8
Q

Ligase

A

Glues Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand of DNA (5’ - 3’)

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9
Q

How many bonds exist between Guanine and Cytosine?

A

Three hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

How many bonds exist between Adenine and Thymine?

A

Two hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

Short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication

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12
Q

Which way is DNA replicated?

A

3’ to 5’ (leading strand)

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13
Q

Compare and Contrast:

DNA and RNA

A
  • DNA is double stranded while RNA exists in single strands
  • DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose in its backbone, whereas RNA contains ribose, which has one more oxygen atom
  • Both nucleic acids contain three bases: adenine, guanine and cytosine. However, RNA contains uracil as its fourth base, while DNA contains thymine.
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14
Q

What are the 3 main components of RNA nucleotides?

A
  1. Sugar (ribose)
  2. Phosphate
  3. Bases (nitrogenous)
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15
Q

Pair the correct pyrimidines and purines of RNA:
Adenine, Guanine - purines
Uracil, Cytosine - pyrimidines

A

Adenine - Uracil

Guanine - Cytosine

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16
Q

Codon

A

A sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule

17
Q

Anticodon

A

A sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA

18
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20 amino acids

19
Q

Define tripeptide

A

A peptide with three amino acids joined by peptide bonds

20
Q

Define mutation

A

The change in genetic material of a cell

21
Q

What are the two types of mutations?

A
  1. Gene mutation - produce changes in a single gene

2. Chromosomal mutation - changes the whole chromosome

22
Q

Substitution (gene mutation)

A

A single nucleotide is replaced. There may be a change in amino acids

23
Q

Insertion (gene mutation)

A

A single nucleotide is inserted into the DNA sequence. A frameshift occurs and all amino acids after the mutation may be changed

24
Q

Deletion (gene mutation)

A

Similar to insertion, it can change all amino acids after the mutation occurs

25
Q

Define point mutations

A

Occurs at a single point in the sequence (insertion and deletion)

26
Q

Duplication (chromosomal mutation)

A

Loss of part, or all, of a chromosome

27
Q

Inversion (chromosomal mutation)

A

Reverses direction of parts of a chromosome

28
Q

Translocation (chromosomal mutation)

A

Part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome

29
Q

Mutations

A

Chemical or physical agents that interact with DNA and may cause this
Examples:
Chemical - pesticides
Physical - X-ray radiation

30
Q

Give an example of a good mutation

A

Insects can resist pesticides

31
Q

Give an example of a bad mutation

A

Sickle cell disease (dramatically change protein structure)

32
Q

Gene therapy

A

Transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of a missing or defective cell to correct issues

33
Q

How is gene therapy used?

A

To make cells more resistant to chemotherapy and tumour cells more sensitive

34
Q

What is ex vivo gene therapy?

A

Cells are modified outside of the patients body and transplanted

35
Q

What is in vivo gene therapy?

A

Cells are treated inside of the patients body

36
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA produced by the combination of DNA from different sources

37
Q

Define xenotransplantation

A

Grafting, or transplanting, organs or tissues between a different species

38
Q

Hybridization

A

Breeding that involved crossing dissimilar organisms to bring together the best traits of both individuals

39
Q

Polyploid cell

A

A cell that contains more than two paired homologous sets of chromosomes, often stronger and larger

Biology 12 (5 decks)

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