Unit 2 Definitions

Question 1

What is the definition of Hydration?

Answer 1

The addition of water to an unsaturated compound, for example the hydration of ethene, C2H4, produces ethanol, C2H5OH.

Question 2

What is the definition of dehydration?

Answer 2

The removal of water from a single compound, for example dehydration, of ethanol, C2H5OH, produces ethene , C2H4.

Question 3

What is the definition of hydrolysis?

Answer 3

The breaking down of larger molecules into smaller molecules by reaction with water.

Question 4

What is the definition of condensation?

Answer 4

A reaction in which two molecules join to produce a single larger molecule, with water or another small molecule formed at the same time.

Question 5

What is the definition of hydrogenation?

Answer 5

The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated compound, for example hydrogenation converts aliens to alkanes and oils into fats.

Question 6

What is the definition of hardening?

Answer 6

The process of hydrogenating on oil to produce a more solid compound.

Question 7

What is the definition of dehydrogenation?

Answer 7

The removal of hydrogen from a single compound, for example dehydrogenation of propane, C3H8, produces propene, C3H6.

Question 8

What is the definition of polymerisation?

Answer 8

The process whereby a polymer is formed.

Question 9

What is the definition of addition?

Answer 9

A reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce a larger molecule and nothing else.

Question 10

What is the definition of emulsion?

Answer 10

A mixture of liquids where small droplets of one liquid are dispersed in another liquid. Emulsions of oil and water are commonly found in food.

Question 11

What is the definition of emulsifier?

Answer 11

An emulsifier is a substance that can be used to prevent non-polar and polar liquids separating into layers by having ionic and covalent parts. (Glycerol and fatty acid)

Question 12

What is the definition of oxidation In terms of carbon chemistry?

Answer 12

An increase in the oxygen to hydrogen ratio in a molecule where a substance gains oxygen/ loses hydrogen

Question 13

What is the definition of reduction?

Answer 13

A decrease in the oxygen to hydrogen ratio in a molecule where a substance loses oxygen/ gains hydrogen.

Question 14

What is the definition of an essential amino acid?

Answer 14

Amino acids that cannot be made by the body. They must be obtained from the diet.

Question 15

What is the definition of an essential oil?

Answer 15

Oils extracted from plants. They usually have distinctive smells, are non-polar, volatile and often contain compounds known as terpenes.

Question 16

What is the definition of a terpene?

Answer 16

An unsaturated compound found in many plant oils. They are formed from the joining together of isoprene units.

Question 17

What is the definition of an isoprene unit?

Answer 17

Many isoprene units joined together to form a terpene.

Question 18

What is the definition of an antioxidant?

Answer 18

Compounds that slow oxidation reactions. They are commonly added to food to prevent edible oils becoming rancid. Examples include vitamins A and E.

Question 19

What is the definition of a free radical?

Answer 19

Highly reactive compounds or molecules with unpaired electrons.

Question 20

What is a free radical scavenger?

Answer 20

A compound added to plastics, cosmetics and foods to prevent free radical reactions. They react with free radicals to produce stable molecules. This terminates the reaction.

Question 21

What is the definition of hardening?

Answer 21

The process of hydrogenating an oil to produce a more solid compound.

Question 22

What is the definition of Denaturing of proteins?

Answer 22

Altering the shape of protein by an increase in temperature or a reduction in pH. Loss of enzyme activity is one important consequence.