Unit 2 Definitions Flashcards
What is the definition of Hydration?
The addition of water to an unsaturated compound, for example the hydration of ethene, C2H4, produces ethanol, C2H5OH.
What is the definition of dehydration?
The removal of water from a single compound, for example dehydration, of ethanol, C2H5OH, produces ethene , C2H4.
What is the definition of hydrolysis?
The breaking down of larger molecules into smaller molecules by reaction with water.
What is the definition of condensation?
A reaction in which two molecules join to produce a single larger molecule, with water or another small molecule formed at the same time.
What is the definition of hydrogenation?
The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated compound, for example hydrogenation converts aliens to alkanes and oils into fats.
What is the definition of hardening?
The process of hydrogenating on oil to produce a more solid compound.
What is the definition of dehydrogenation?
The removal of hydrogen from a single compound, for example dehydrogenation of propane, C3H8, produces propene, C3H6.
What is the definition of polymerisation?
The process whereby a polymer is formed.
What is the definition of addition?
A reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce a larger molecule and nothing else.
What is the definition of emulsion?
A mixture of liquids where small droplets of one liquid are dispersed in another liquid. Emulsions of oil and water are commonly found in food.
What is the definition of emulsifier?
An emulsifier is a substance that can be used to prevent non-polar and polar liquids separating into layers by having ionic and covalent parts. (Glycerol and fatty acid)
What is the definition of oxidation In terms of carbon chemistry?
An increase in the oxygen to hydrogen ratio in a molecule where a substance gains oxygen/ loses hydrogen
What is the definition of reduction?
A decrease in the oxygen to hydrogen ratio in a molecule where a substance loses oxygen/ gains hydrogen.
What is the definition of an essential amino acid?
Amino acids that cannot be made by the body. They must be obtained from the diet.
What is the definition of an essential oil?
Oils extracted from plants. They usually have distinctive smells, are non-polar, volatile and often contain compounds known as terpenes.
What is the definition of a terpene?
An unsaturated compound found in many plant oils. They are formed from the joining together of isoprene units.
What is the definition of an isoprene unit?
Many isoprene units joined together to form a terpene.
What is the definition of an antioxidant?
Compounds that slow oxidation reactions. They are commonly added to food to prevent edible oils becoming rancid. Examples include vitamins A and E.
What is the definition of a free radical?
Highly reactive compounds or molecules with unpaired electrons.
What is a free radical scavenger?
A compound added to plastics, cosmetics and foods to prevent free radical reactions. They react with free radicals to produce stable molecules. This terminates the reaction.
What is the definition of hardening?
The process of hydrogenating an oil to produce a more solid compound.
What is the definition of Denaturing of proteins?
Altering the shape of protein by an increase in temperature or a reduction in pH. Loss of enzyme activity is one important consequence.
