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Psychology > Unit 2 Core Studies > Flashcards

Unit 2 Core Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

Milgram

Sample

A

40 males
Self selecting
20-50 years old
New Haven USA

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2
Q

Piliavin

Sample

A

Approximately 4,500+ men and women
New York subway USA
Opportunity

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3
Q

Bocchiaro

Sample

A 
Originally 160
Subject attrition= 149 participants
Self-selecting
university at Amsterdam- VU
Amsterdam
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4
Q

Levine

Sample

A

From 23 countries, no specific number

Opportunity

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5
Q

Bandura

Sample

A 
72 children 
36 boys
36 girls
Opportunity- Stamford university nursery
USA
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6
Q

Kohlberg

Sample

A

75 boys
Longitudinal
12 years, 3 year intervals
Chicago

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7
Q

Chaney

Sample

A

32 children
22 boys, 10 girls
Random

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8
Q

Lee

Sample

A

120 Chinese children- Hangzhao

108 Canadian children- Fredericton

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9
Q

Sperry

Sample

A

11 split-brain participants (corpus callosum cut- callosotomy)
Opportunity

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10
Q

Blakemore and Cooper

Sample

A

2 kittens

From birth until 7.5 months

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11
Q

Casey

Sample

A

Original: 562
Experiment one: 59
Experiment two: 27

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12
Q

Maguire

Sample

A

16 tax drivers (driving for 1.5-42)years
Male
Right handed
32-62 years old

Control group:
Matched by age, gender etc- MRI scans- structure of the brain

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13
Q

Moray

Sample

A

Experiment one: unknown
Experiment two: 12 students
Experiment three: 2 groups of 14 students

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14
Q

Loftus and Palmer

Sample

A

Experiment one: 45 students

Experiment two: 150 students (3 groups of 50)

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15
Q

Grant

Sample

A

39 (was 40, 1 discarded)
Opportunity
Students from Iowa State University, USA

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16
Q

Simons and Chabris

Sample

A

192 under-graduate students (was 228, 36 discarded)
Harvard University, USA
Opportunity

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17
Q

Freud

Sample

A

1 boy
Almost 3-5 years old
Self-selecting

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18
Q

Gould

Sample

A

1.75 million US military soldiers

Opportunity

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19
Q

Baron-Cohen

Sample

A

16 with ASD- 13 males/ 3 females
50 clinically normal (control group)- 25 males/ 25 females
10 with tourettes- 8 males/ 2 females

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20
Q

Hancock

Sample

A

52 prisoners- murderers
14 psychopaths
38 non-psychopaths

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21
Q

Milgram

Procedure

A

Learner- Mr Wallace- confederate (actor/victim)- answered Qs wrong purposely
Teacher- Milgram- verbal prods “please continue”
Experimenter- participant- administering shocks to Learner

Experimenter sample shock of 45v

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22
Q

Piliavin

Procedure

A

3 white, 1 black actor, 4 conditions
New York subway- no stops for 7 1/2 mins
Collapsed after 70 seconds
Model (observer) helped if no bystander did after 150 seconds
38/103= drunk, 65/103= ill

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23
Q

Bocchiaro
Procedure
Room 1

A

The preliminary stage of the experiment

  • A stern, Dutch male experimenter, formally dressed
  • given ‘sensory deprivation’ cover story on devastating effects on brain function of 6 participants, aim was to ‘replicate this study’ at VU University
  • Asked to write a statement, a complaint, both, or neither
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24
Q

Bocchiaro
Procedure
Room 2

A

The task

  • computer room
  • 7 mins to write statement/complaint/both/neither
  • advised to mention: exciting, great, superb incredible
  • not permitted to say the negative effects of sensory deprivation
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25
Q

Bocchiaro
Procedure
Back to room 1

A

The follow up

  • 2 personality tests: HEXACO-PI-R and Social Value Orientation
  • debrief: been deceived, had to keep it quiet from friends and colleagues
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26
Q

Levine

Procedure

A

H

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27
Q

Bandura
Procedure
Stage 1

A

10 minutes

  • exposed to aggressive model “kick him” “pow”
  • non-aggressive model ignored the bobo doll, played with other tinker toys more
  • control group- “no prior exposure to the adult models” (Bandura)
28
Q

Bandura
Procedure
Stage 2

A

2 minutes
Aggression Arousal
- children were taken to another room with attractive toys
- allowed to play with the toys for 2 mins
- told they could not play with them anymore as they were the best toys reserved for better children

29
Q

Bandura
Procedure
Stage 3

A

20 minutes

  • variety of non-aggressive toys (eg bears) and aggressive toys (mallet)
  • one observer in the room
  • behaviours were also observed through a one-way mirror
30
Q

Kohlberg

Procedure

A
  • hypothetical dilemmas were given eg:
    > steal the drug to save his wife or not steal it and let her die
    > would they steal the life-saving drug for a stranger or not
    > is breaking the law okay or not, even in a life and death situation
  • responses from the boys were analysed
31
Q

Chaney

Procedure

A
  • self report- closed questions about childrens’ attitudes towards their original inhaler
  • children tried the funhaler to see if they preferred this operant conditioning based inhaler
32
Q

Lee

Procedure

A
  • randomly allocated social/physical story condition
  • explained rating chart to children- numbers/symbols/both
  • each child listened to either all 4 social/ physical stories
  • children rated naughty/good behaviour
33
Q

Sperry

Procedure- visual tasks

A
  • objects present in right visual field, left hemisphere, described (language)
  • objects present in left visual field, right hemisphere, draw (art/creative)
  • apple LVF+key RVF presented in each visual field, drew what he saw (key) with left hand (out of sight)
  • nude pin-up in LVF, became embarrassed but could not explain why
34
Q

Sperry

Procedure- tactile tasks

A
  • objects felt by right hand only (and unseen), left hemisphere, could describe it
  • objects felt by left hand only (and unseen), right hemisphere, could not describe it
35
Q

Blakemore and Cooper

Procedure

A
  • dark room
  • 2 week old kittens in two different cylinders- vertical/horizontal stripes 5 hours a day, then back in dark room
  • had cones on, could not see anything but the stripes
36
Q

Casey
Procedure
Experiment 1- cool task

A
  • neutral expressions= cool stimuli
  • in some trials, (neutral) male= ‘go’, and others (neutral) female= ‘go’ + vice versa
  • ‘go’= 120 trials (male/female neutral), ‘no-go’= 40 trials (male/female neutral)
37
Q

Casey
Procedure
Experiment 1- hot task

A
  • emotional expressions= hot
  • in some trials fearful= ‘go’, in others, happy= ‘go’ + vice versa
  • ‘go’= 120 trials (happy/fearful), ‘no-go’= 40 trials (happy/fesarful)
38
Q

Casey
procedure
Experiment 2

A

(similar to exp1)
‘Hot Task’
- high delayers: 35happyGO / NO-GO13fearful
- high delayers: 35fearfulGO / NO-GO13happy
- low delayers: 35happyGO / NO-GO13fearful
- low delayers: 35fearfulGO / NO-GO13happy
- fMRI scan when doing Go/No-Go task to show the brain activity

39
Q

Casey
procedure
Differences between Experiment 1 and Experiment 2

A

Timing- 1 sec delay (exp1), 2-14.5 sec delay (exp2)
No.trials- 160 (exp1), 48 (exp2)
Equipment- fMRI scan exp2

40
Q

Maguire

Procedure

A
  • taxi drivers were scanned with MRI scanner- photograph of the brain
  • wanted to see the structure of their brain, not which parts are active
41
Q

Moray
Procedure
Experiment 1

A
  • Participants shadow one message while 2 messages were played in each ear
  • ‘block’ other message, focus on selected message
42
Q

Moray
Procedure
Experiment 2

A
  • 2 passages in each ear
  • both had instructions at beginning+within them
  • monotone male voice, 130 words per min
43
Q

Moray
Procedure
Experiment 2 10 passage instructions

A
  • listen to right ear: 1-10
  • 8+10= “you will receive instructions to change ears”
  • instructions within passage- you may stop/ use of person’s name(affective cue)/ change to other ear/ no instructions
44
Q

Moray
Procedure
Experiment 3

A
  • shadow dichotic message

- numbers: end, in both, in shadowed, in rejected, no numbers, varied placement of numbers in messages

45
Q

Loftus and Palmer
Procedure
Experiment 1

A
  • several film clips+ questionnaires (with 2 parts) to complete after the clips
  • first- account of the accident (speed of vehicles at time of accident)
  • lasted about 1hr30mins
46
Q

Loftus and Palmer
Procedure
Experiment 2

A
  • similar to exp1
  • single clip (approx.1min)
  • critical speed question
  • 3 groups: HIT, SMASHED, no critical speed question
    WEEK LATER
  • all participants asked if they saw broken glass (there was none)
47
Q

Grant

Procedure

A
  • randomly allocated to 1 of 4 conditions
  • standardised instructions
  • all tested individually
  • background noise- lunchtime in uni cafe (only in noisy condition)
  • test: recognition- multiple choice, recall- short answer Qs
48
Q

Simons and Chabris

Procedure

A
  • 4 conditions- opaque/transparent, gorilla/umbrella woman
  • count passes of white team/ black team
  • bounce passes-easy (+aerial passes-hard)
49
Q

Freud

Procedure

A
  • hans’ father recorded details of convos+ behaviours, made own interpretations+ sent them to Freud
  • Freud replied with own interpretations and suggested behaviours to look out for
50
Q

Gould/ Yerkes

Procedure

A
  • alpha test: American/Western life based questions

- beta test: illiterate soldiers who had never had any type of education, or even seen a pencil before

51
Q

Baron-Cohen

Procedure

A
  • Ps tested individually, own home/ researcher clinic/ university lab
  • 4 tasks, random orders: The Eyes Task, Strange Stories, Gender Recognition Task, Basic Emotion Recognition Task (two control tasks)
52
Q

Baron-Cohen
Procedure
The Eyes Task

A
  • pictures of eyes 3 seconds
  • 2 words- target (real) and a foil (wrong) word
  • chose which word best described the ‘eye’- what the person the eye belonged to was feeling
53
Q

Baron-Cohen
Procedure
Strange Stories

A

12 types: lie, white lie, joke, figure of speech, irony

  • character says something that is literally not true, P explains why character said that
  • validates ‘Eyes Task’
54
Q

Baron-Cohen
Procedure
The Control Tasks

A
  • Gender Recognition Task- same eye sets, Ps asked to identify person’s gender in each photograph (max. score 25)
  • Basic Emotion Recognition Task- whole face used of 6 photographs with different emotions- happy/sad/angry/afraid/disgust/surprise
55
Q

Hancock
Procedure
Stage 1

A

2 groups of murderers:

  • psychopaths
  • non-psychopaths
56
Q

Hancock
Procedure
Stage 2

A
  • Ps interviewed by blind researchers (blind to who was/was not a psychopath)
  • Ps recalled all info and detail on their murders in interviews (25mins)- recorded+ transcribed afterwards
57
Q

Hancock
Procedure
Stage 3

A
  • Wmatrix ‘corpus analysis’- ability to tag parts of speech (verbs/nouns/adjectives)+ analyse semantic concepts (language/communication)
  • Dictionary of Affect in Language (DAL)- assess emotional language+score of intensity+pleasantness
  • speech from all 14 psychopaths was brought together+analysed and compared to 38 non-psychopaths
58
Q

Milgram
Findings
Quantitative

A
  • 100%=300v

- 65%=450v

59
Q

Milgram
Findings
Qualitative

A
  • how Ps acted when giving shocks

- acute stress- sweating, trembling, stuttering, groaning

60
Q

Piliavin
Findings
Quantitative

A
  • 62/65 ill trials helped
  • 19/38 drunk trials helped
  • 90% of 81 spontaneous helpers were men
61
Q

Piliavin
Findings
Qualitative

A
  • “it’s for men to help him”

- “I wish I could help him- I’m not strong enough”

62
Q

Levine

Findings

A
  • Brazil 1st= 93.33% helped overall

- Malaysia 23rd= 40.33% helped overall

63
Q

Bandura
Findings
Physical aggression- mean no. acts

A
  • aggressive female= 5.5G/12.4B
  • aggressive male= 7.2G/25.8B
  • NON-aggressive female= 2.5G/0.2B
  • NON-aggressive male= 0.0G/1.5B
  • CONTROL GROUP= 1.2G/2.0B
64
Q

Bandura
Findings
Verbal aggression- mean no. acts

A
  • aggressive female= 13.7G/4.3B
  • aggressive male= 2.0G/12.7B
  • NON-aggressive female= 0.3G/1.1B
  • NON-aggressive male= 0.0G/0.0B
  • CONTROL GROUP= 0.7G/1.7B
65
Q

Kohlberg

Findings

A
  • progress through the stages with increased age.
  • Not all participants progressed to reach stage 6.
  • progressed through the stages one at a time
  • always in the same order.
66
Q

Chaney

Findings

A
  • parents successfully medicating child- inhaler=10%, funhaler=73%
  • children unwilling to use device- inhaler=61%, funhaler=7%
  • childrens’ acceptance towards medication- inhaler= 58%, funhaler=19%
  • completely happy parents towards medication- inhaler=10%, funhaler=61%
67
Q

Lee

Findings

A

Prosocial behaviour/Lie-Telling Situations:
- Canadian children rated lie telling negatively but as age increased their ratings became less negative.
- Chinese children’s ratings of lie telling in this situation changed from negative to positive as age increased.
• Antisocial Behaviour/Truth-Telling Situations:
- Children from both cultures rated truth telling in this situation very positively.

Psychology (5 decks)

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