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Mental Health Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

What does SSRI stand for?

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor

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2
Q

What is the biochemical explanation of depression?

A

Low levels of serotonin in the nervous system

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3
Q

What is the biochemical explanation of schizophrenia?

A

High levels of dopamine in the nervous system

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4
Q

What was the sample of Gottesman’s 2010 study?

A

2.7 million people and parents

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5
Q

What are the three historical views of mental illness?

A
  • Animism
  • Humourism
  • Animalism
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6
Q

What are the four humours?

A
  • blood= sanguine (positivity/ optimism)
  • phlegm= phlegmatic (cool/calm/relaxed)
  • yellow bile= choleric (anger)
  • black bile= melancholic (low mood)
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7
Q

What are the three types of phobia?

A
  • agoraphobia
  • social phobia
  • specific phobia (eg claustrophobia, arachnophobia)
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8
Q

What are the three types of SOCIAL phobia?

A
  • performance (public speaking)
  • limited interaction (authority)
  • generalised (agoraphobia)
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9
Q

What are the four definitions of dysfunctional behaviour?

A
  • statistical infrequency
  • failure to function adequately
  • deviation from social norms
  • deviation from ideal mental health
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10
Q

What is statistical Infrequency?

A

Common is normal, if everyone does it or not

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11
Q

What is failure to function adequately?

A

Cannot function properly- eg keep a job or maintain a stable relationship

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12
Q

What is deviation from social norms?

A

Each culture has its own norms, some people decide to rebel against them

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13
Q

What is deviation from ideal mental health?

A

Not following anything ‘normal’ eg unable to process emotions ‘properly’

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14
Q

How many disorders does the DSM-5 have?

A

300

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15
Q

What are three ways of categorising mental disorders in the DSM-5?

A
  • type of disorder
  • lifespan order- childhood to adulthood
  • internalising vs externalising symptoms
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16
Q

How many categories of disorder are in the DSM-5?

A

22

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17
Q

How many hospitals were used?

ROSENHAN

A

12

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18
Q

What 3 words did the pseudo-patients report hearing?

ROSENHAN

A
  • thud
  • hollow
  • empty
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19
Q

How many pseudo-patients were used?

ROSENHAN

A

8

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20
Q

How long were the pseudo-patients kept in the hospitals?

ROSENHAN

A

7-52 days, average of 19 days

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21
Q

What were the pseudo-patients diagnosed with?

ROSENHAN

A
  • with schizophrenia

- once with manic-depressive psychosis

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22
Q

How many patients went for a diagnosis in three months in study 2?
ROSENHAN

A

193

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23
Q

How many patients were thought to be pseudo-patients by a psychiatrist?
ROSENHAN

A

23

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24
Q

How many patients were thought to be pseudo-patients by 2 members of staff?
ROSENHAN

A

41

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25
Q

Diagnostic criteria

DSM-5

A

The time frame of showing symptoms before diagnosing

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26
Q

Prevalence

DSM-5

A

The frequency of the issue within different age groups

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27
Q

Co-morbidity

DSM-5

A

Which disorders are most likely to occur together

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28
Q

Gender related diagnostic issues

DSM-5

A

Is the disorder likely to affect a particular gender over the other

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29
Q

What is Serotonin?

A

A neurotransmitter, a natural mood stabiliser, regulates mood, anxiety and happiness

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30
Q

Issue with biochemical explanation of depression

A

Cause+effect- unsure if depression is caused by lack of serotonin or serotonin production reduces due to depression

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31
Q

How to treat schizophrenia- biochemical explanation

A

Anti-psychotic drugs bind to dopamine receptors and block release of dopamine

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32
Q

Issue with biochemical explanation of schizophrenia

A

Unsure if schizophrenia is caused by excess of dopamine or if dopamine production increases due to schizophrenia

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33
Q

Identical twins outcome

GOTTESMAN+SHIELDS 1976

A

One twin with schizophrenia, 58% of time other twin had schizophrenia too (called concordance rate)

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34
Q

non-identical twins concordance rate

GOTTESMAN+SHIELDS 1976

A

12%

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35
Q

Patients with schizophrenia
BROWN

Brain abnormality as an explanation of schizophrenia

A
  • brains 6% lighter
  • enlarged ventricles
  • (thinner parahippocampal corticles)
    than people without schizophrenia
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36
Q

Patients with depression can have…
SHELINE 1995

Brain abnormality as an explanation of depression

A
  • Smaller hippocampi than non- depressed people

- And smaller hippocampal volume

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37
Q

What is the cause of a smaller hippocampi?

Brain abnormality as an explanation of schizophrenia

A

Caused by cortisol (a stress hormone) destroying hippocampal cells that are normally receptive to serotonin

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38
Q

How many couples were studied?

GOTTESMAN 2010

A

1,278,977

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39
Q

Group A

GOTTESMAN 2010

A

2 parents with either schizophrenia, depression or bipolar

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40
Q

Group B

GOTTESMAN 2010

A

1 parent with schizophrenia, depression or bipolar

41
Q

Group C

GOTTESMAN 2010

A

Neither parent diagnosed with disorder

42
Q

Group D

GOTTESMAN 2010

A

‘General public’, no data about psychiatric illnesses

43
Q

Results of schizophrenia
Group A (both parents)
GOTTESMAN 2010

A

27.3% of offspring diagnosed with schizophrenia

44
Q

Results of schizophrenia
Group B (one parent)
GOTTESMAN 2010

A

7% of offspring diagnosed with schizophrenia

45
Q

Results of schizophrenia
Group C (neither parent)
GOTTESMAN 2010

A

0.86% of offspring diagnosed with schizophrenia

46
Q

Results of schizophrenia
Group D (general public)
GOTTESMAN 2010

A

1.12%

47
Q

What does TMS stand for?

Brain stimulation

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

48
Q

What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation?

A

Where an elctromagnetic coil is held against a person’s head

49
Q

How does Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation work?

A

Small electrical currents stimulate nerve cells in the areas of the brain involved in mood and depression

50
Q

What is behaviourism?

A

All people are born blank slates (‘tabula rasa’) and everything we learn comes from the environment

51
Q

What are three types of behavioural learning?

A
  • operant conditioning
  • classical conditioning
  • Social Learning Theory
52
Q

An affective disorder

A

Depression

53
Q

Anxiety disorder

A

Phobias

54
Q

Psychotic disorder

A

Schizophrenia

55
Q

How does the cognitive area explain behaviour?

A

Our behaviour is determined by internal mental processes (thoughts). Eg memory+attention

56
Q

What is the cognitive explanation of mental illness?

A

The mental illness comes from irrational/ faulty thinking

57
Q

What is the Negative Cognitive Triad?

BECK

A

There are three main dysfunctional beliefs in people with depression which form a cognitive triad

58
Q

What are the three main dysfunctional beliefs (Negative Cognitive Triad)
BECK

A
  • i am worthless or flawed
  • everything i do results in failure
  • the future is hopeless
59
Q

What does the Diathesis-Stress model of schizophrenia suggest?

A

That genes can create a predisposition for the disorder, but it only actually develops as a result of a stressor eg environment/trauma

60
Q

What us a biological factor of Diathesis?

A

Brain abnormalities

61
Q

What is a social factor of the Diathesis?

A

Chronic stress etc

62
Q

What is a psychological factor of the Diathesis?

A

Unconscious conflicts etc

63
Q

What is a biological trigger of Stress?

A

Exposure to toxins

64
Q

What is a social trigger of Stress?

A

A traumatic event/ major loss

65
Q

What is a psychological factor of Stress?

A

Violation of trust

66
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model=?

A

Diathesis + Stress = Disorder

67
Q

What are the faulty cognitions summarised into? (3 things)

ELLIS

A
  • i must be outstandingly competent, or i am worthless
  • others must treat me considerately, or they are absolutely rotten
  • the world should always give me happiness, or i will die
68
Q

What do treatments based on the cognitive approach aim to do?

A

To change the way that negative thinkers think

69
Q

What is self-actualisation?

MASLOW

A

People trying to become the best person they can possibly be

70
Q

What was Rogers’ ‘Actual Self’?

A

The way that you look at yourself (not necessarily the way others see you)

71
Q

What is Self-Esteem determined by?

A

How closed you think your actual self is to your ideal self

72
Q

What is Rogers’ Ideal Self?

A

The self-actualised BEST version of yourself

73
Q

What can affect our view of ourselves (actual self)

ROGERS

A

‘Conditions of worth’

74
Q

What are ‘conditions of worth’?

ROGERS

A

Made up rules that people (society/ friends/ parents) place on us- leads to feeling worthless

75
Q

An example of ‘conditions of worth’?

ROGERS

A

“Boys don’t cry”

76
Q

What is Person Centred Therapy?

ROGERS

A

Client is given unconditional positive regard, therapist listens and asks questions, NO ADVICE GIVEN

77
Q

How does the cognitive area explain behaviour?

A

Our behaviour is determined by internal mental processes (thoughts). Eg memory+attention

78
Q

What is the cognitive explanation of mental illness?

A

The mental illness comes from irrational/ faulty thinking

79
Q

What is the Negative Cognitive Triad?

BECK

A

There are three main dysfunctional beliefs in people with depression which form a cognitive triad

80
Q

What are the three main dysfunctional beliefs (Negative Cognitive Triad)
BECK

A
  • i am worthless or flawed
  • everything i do results in failure
  • the future is hopeless
81
Q

What does the Diathesis-Stress model of schizophrenia suggest?

A

That genes can create a predisposition for the disorder, but it only actually develops as a result of a stressor eg environment/trauma

82
Q

What us a biological factor of Diathesis?

A

Brain abnormalities

83
Q

What is a social factor of the Diathesis?

A

Chronic stress etc

84
Q

What is a psychological factor of the Diathesis?

A

Unconscious conflicts etc

85
Q

What is a biological trigger of Stress?

A

Exposure to toxins

86
Q

What is a social trigger of Stress?

A

A traumatic event/ major loss

87
Q

What is a psychological factor of Stress?

A

Violation of trust

88
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model=?

A

Diathesis + Stress = Disorder

89
Q

What are the faulty cognitions summarised into? (3 things)

ELLIS

A
  • i must be outstandingly competent, or i am worthless
  • others must treat me considerately, or they are absolutely rotten
  • the world should always give me happiness, or i will die
90
Q

What do treatments based on the cognitive approach aim to do?

A

To change the way that negative thinkers think

91
Q

What is self-actualisation?

MASLOW

A

People trying to become the best person they can possibly be

92
Q

What was Rogers’ ‘Actual Self’?

A

The way that you look at yourself (not necessarily the way others see you)

93
Q

What is Self-Esteem determined by?

A

How closed you think your actual self is to your ideal self

94
Q

What is Rogers’ Ideal Self?

A

The self-actualised BEST version of yourself

95
Q

What can affect our view of ourselves (actual self)

ROGERS

A

‘Conditions of worth’

96
Q

What are ‘conditions of worth’?

ROGERS

A

Made up rules that people (society/ friends/ parents) place on us- leads to feeling worthless

97
Q

An example of ‘conditions of worth’?

ROGERS

A

“Boys don’t cry”

98
Q

What is Person Centred Therapy?

ROGERS

A

Client is given unconditional positive regard, therapist listens and asks questions, NO ADVICE GIVEN

Psychology (5 decks)

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