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Psychology > Psychology Unit 3 Mental Health > Flashcards

Psychology Unit 3 Mental Health Flashcards

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1
Q

ISSUES IN MENTAL HEALTH TOPIC 1

A

The Historical Context Of Mental Health

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2
Q

Animism (Paleolithic cave dwellers)

Summary

A
  • trepanning- provide an exit for demons/ evil spirits trapped in the skull
  • spirits enter through magical powers/ lack of possessed individual’s faith
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3
Q

Humourism (Hippocrates, c. 460-377BC)

Summary

A
  • Hippocrates first identified mental illness as a scientific phenomenon
  • Madness resulted in imbalance of 4 humours
  • Balance= cure for madness
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4
Q

Humourism (Hippocrates, c. 460-377BC)

The Four Humours

A
  • Blood= Sanguine
  • Phlegm= Phelgmatic
  • Yellow Bile= Choleric
  • Black Bile= Melancholic
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5
Q

Animalism (18th Century)

Summary- Bedlam

A
  • Chained to the walls and kept on long leashes
  • “Scalps shaved+blistered; they were bled to a point of syncope (unconsciousness)”
  • The insane lost the capacity to distinguish humans from beasts
  • Fear was seen to be the best emotion to restore the distorted mind
  • Madness resulted from Animalism
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6
Q

Individual/ situational

Animism, Humourism, Animalism

A

Animism

  • individual- lack of faith led to spirits
  • situational- assumed everyone with mental illness believed it was due to spirits

Humourism
-individual- human body+bodily fluid amounts varied with mood

Animalism
-situational- putting people in fearful situations will restore their humanity

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7
Q

Psychology as a science

Animism, Humourism, Animalism

A

Animism- not- not falsifiable, cannot prove/ disprove spirits

Humourism- is- falsifiable, can check (objective)- biological factors

Animalism- not- not falsifiable, no way to prove if we have lost our ‘humanity’

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8
Q

Defining abnormality

A

1-Statistical infrequency
2-failure to function adequately
3-deviation from social norms
4-deviation from ideal mental health

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9
Q

Statistical Infrequency

A
  • Common is normal

- Whether a lot of people do it or not

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10
Q

Failure to Function Adequately

A

-Cannot function properly eg cannot keep a job or maintain a relationship

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11
Q

Deviation From Social Norms

A

-Each society has its own norms- so it is about whether someone fluctuates from this or not

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12
Q

Deviation From Ideal Mental Health

A 
-Not following anything ‘normal’
Eg: 
Cannot process emotions 
Cannot understand society
No stable moods
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13
Q

Problems with Defining Abnormality

A

1-Statistical infrequency
2-failure to function adequately
3-deviation from social norms
4-deviation from ideal mental health

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14
Q

Statistical Infrequency

A

-Talking to yourself- not seen as normal, but lots of people do it just will not admit it

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15
Q

Failure to function adequately

A

-Different reasons for not being able to hold down a job- eg disability/ upbringing

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16
Q

Deviation from social norms

A

-Cultural differences- ethnocentric

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17
Q

Deviations from ideal mental health

A

-Everyone feels these tyres of ‘abnormal’ fluctuations

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18
Q

Categorising Mental disorders

A

DSM-5

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19
Q

DSM-5

A
  • 300 disorders
  • categorised: type of disorder, lifespan (eg childhood-adulthood), internalising vs externalising- cognitive/physiological depression vs disruptive/physical ADHD
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20
Q

Rosenhan 1973
On being sane in insane places
Aim

A

To see if mental hospitals in the USA in the early 1970s could tell the sane from the insane

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21
Q

Rosenhan 1973
On being sane in insane places
Study 1 Sample

A
  • 8 sane people
  • phoned to make appointments at 12 different mental hospitals
  • all reported same symptoms: unfamiliar, same sex voice say ‘empty’, ‘hollow’, ‘thud’
  • one diagnosis of manic-depressive psychosis, all other diagnosed with schizophrenia
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22
Q

Rosenhan 1973
On being sane in insane places
Inside the mental hospital

A
  • pseudo-patients stayed for 7-52 days (avg 19 days)
  • once admitted, stopped simulating symptoms, took part in activities, took notes on staff
  • sanity was not detected by staff
  • 35/118 patients voiced suspicions “you’re not crazy”, “you’re a journalist”
  • reports of staff brutality
  • patients saw psychologists/psychiatrists 6.8 mins on average per day
23
Q

Rosenhan 1973
Stanford university
The experiment within study 1

A
  • 4 hospitals= pseudopatient asked Q- when they will be presented at the staff meeting
  • staff responses were recorded: eye contact? Averted? Paused? Or stopped?
  • also carried out with a young female approaching staff at Stanford Uni: looking for Encina Hall, a psychiatrist, an internist
24
Q

Rosenhan 1973

Findings from experiment within study 1

A

-Mental hospital- number of attempts (nurses+attendants)= 1,283
-nurses+attendants moved on w/ head averted= 88%
BUT
-university student ‘looking for psychiatrist’- moved on w/ head averted= 0%

25
Q

Rosenhan study 2

On being sane in insane places

A
  • told hospitals over next 3 months 1 or 2 more pseudo-patients would attempt to be admitted
  • staff rated on 10-point scale likelihood of there being another pseudo-patient
  • staff told to treat all patients the same when diagnosing so wouldn’t miss out on medication
  • 0 pseudo-patients attempted to be admitted
26
Q

Rosenhan 1973
On being sane in insane places
Results of patients being a potential pseudo-patient

A
  • number of patients judged= 193
  • no. patients judged by 1 staff member as being pseudo-patient= 41
  • no. patients judged by 1 psychiatrist as being pseudo-patient= 23
  • no. patients judged by 1 staff member+ 1 psychiatrist as being pseudo-patient= 19
27
Q

Rosenhan 1973

Ethnocentrism

A
  • IS ETHNOCENTRIC

Only conducted in American hospitals

28
Q

Rosenhan 1973

Ethical considerations

A

BROKEN
- deception- deceived hospitals+staff
UPHELD
- confidentiality- no names/ details of staff recorded or released

29
Q

Rosenhan 1973

Validity

A

IS VALID
- high ecological validity- actual hospitals, immersed in hospital atmosphere
NOT VALID
- low validity- inaccurate when sending away patients in study 2 with genuine symptoms in fear of misdiagnosing another pseudo-patient- cannot tell if someone is 100% sane/insane

30
Q

Rosenhan 1973

Reliability

A

NOT RELIABLE
- all 5 doctors may not come to the same diagnosis as each other
Eg one pseudo-patient was diagnosed with manic-depressive psychosis, others were diagnosed with schizophrenia

31
Q

Rosenhan 1973

Usefulness of research

A

NOT USEFUL
- hospitals were wrongly diagnosing people as being insane
IS USEFUL
- now know it is possible hospitals in 1970s were misdiagnosing people

32
Q

Rosenhan 1973

Individual vs situational

A

SITUATIONAL

-staff could have been treating patients a certain negative way as a result of the hospital environment they were in

33
Q

Application

A

Characteristics of disorders

34
Q

Characteristics of an affective disorder: (DSM-5)

DEPRESSION

A
  • depressed mood most of the day, nearly everyday
  • lack of concentration
  • restless/ less activity
  • thoughts of death, suicide/ attempt
  • 5% body weight increase/decrease - diet change/ no appetite

(5+ symtoms+first symptom in same 2 weeks= major depressive episode)

35
Q

Characteristics of a psychotic disorder

SCHIZOPHRENIA

A
  • delusions }
  • hallucinations }
  • disorganised speech } POSITIVE SYMPTOMS
  • catatonic behaviour (not responding in expected way) }
  • diminished emotional expression ]
  • flat affect- in appropriate/blunt response ] NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS
  • alogia- speech poverty ]
    (Two or more symptoms in one month)
36
Q

Characteristics of phobia

3 types of phobia

A
  • agoraphobia
  • social phobia
  • specific phobia
37
Q

Agoraphobia

A
  • fear of open spaces, inescapable situations
  • feel like ‘prisoners’ of their own home
  • accounts for 10-50% of all phobias
  • common in women, early adulthood
38
Q

Social phobia

A
  • 10% of all phobias
  • in women+adolescents
  • fear of being in situation where one is exposed to possible scrutiny/ act in humiliating way
39
Q

3 types of social phobia

A
  • performance (public speaking)
  • limited interaction (authority)
  • generalised (agoraphobia)
40
Q

ISSUES IN MENTAL HEALTH TOPIC 2

A

The Biochemical Explanation of Mental Health

41
Q

Biochemical explanation of depression

A
  • low levels of serotonin (a neurotransmitter) in nervous system
  • serotonin carries electrical signals from one nerve cell to another
  • low serotonin= molecules absorbed too quickly into pre-synaptic nerve too soon
  • too little serotonin= body doesn’t respond appropriately to messages
42
Q

Biochemical explanation of schizophrenia

A
  • high levels of dopamine (neurotransmitter) in nervous system
  • excess dopamine reaches post-synaptic nerve cells
43
Q

Aim of treatment

DEPRESSION

A
  • blocking the reuptake of serotonin into the pre-synaptic nerve cells
  • ensures enough serotonin available for messages to get carried along the nervous system
44
Q

Aim of treatment

SCHIZOPHRENIA

A
  • blocking receptors in post-synaptic nerve cells

- prevent an overload of dopamine reaching the post-synaptic nerve cell

45
Q

Gottesman 2010

Aim

A

To investigate the probability of a child being diagnosed with a mental disorder if either or both parents had this disorder

46
Q

Gottesman 2010

Sample

A
  • Denmark
  • anyone between 10 and 52 (in Jan2007) with clear link to biological parents
  • almost 2.7 million people and parents
47
Q

Gottesman 2010

Procedure

A
  • data from the Civil Registration System
  • identified four groups of people:
    =2 parents with schizophrenia, bipolar or depression
    = 1 parent with schizophrenia, bipolar or depression
    = neither parent with schizophrenia, bipolar or depression
    = ‘general public’ had no data available on whether parents had psychiatric illnesses or not
48
Q

Gottesman 2010

Findings of parents being admitted (with schizophrenia)

A

Both parents- 27.3%
One parent- 15.6%
Neither parent- 0.86%
General public- 1.12%

49
Q

Patients with schizophrenia
BROWN

Brain abnormality as an explanation of schizophrenia

A
  • brains 6% lighter
  • enlarged ventricles
  • (thinner parahippocampal corticles)
    than people without schizophrenia
50
Q

Biological treatment- drug therapy

DEPRESSION

A
  • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI)
  • block reupatke of serotonin in pre-synaptic neurone= more serotonin in synapse
  • treats depression and anxiety
51
Q

ISSUES IN MENTAL HEALTH TOPIC 3

A

The behaviourist explanation of mental illness (non-biological explanations)

52
Q

ISSUES IN MENTAL HEALTH TOPIC 3

A

The behaviourist explanation of mental illness (non-biological explanations)

53
Q

Watson+Raynor- Little Albert

Classical conditioning- phobia

A
  • made phobic of rats

- repeating pairings of a loud noise+white rat

Psychology (5 decks)

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