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A&P 1 > Unit 2 cont. Acid Bases Buffers > Flashcards

Unit 2 cont. Acid Bases Buffers Flashcards

1
Q

PH

A

the measurement of the concentration of free hydrogen ions in a solution. This affects the proteins.

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2
Q

Acids

A

donates hydrogen into a solution H+

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3
Q

Base

A

donates or releases hydroxide into a solution OH-. They also pulls out hydrogen in the solution.

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4
Q

Another name for base or basic?

A

Alkaline

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5
Q

If there are more hydrogen atoms what is it

A

acid 6 and below is acidic

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6
Q

if there are fewer hydrogen atoms what is it

A

alkaline or base, above 7 is base

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7
Q

If we are further from 7 is it stronger acid/base or weaker?

A

stronger

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8
Q

If we are closer to 7 is it a stronger or weaker base/acid

A

weaker

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9
Q

If there are more hydrogen atoms does that make it high pH or low pH

A

LOW and acidic

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10
Q

If there are few hydrogen atoms is the pH high or low

A

HIGH and basic

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11
Q

What is a safe blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

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12
Q

What is our body fluids on the pH scale?

A

6.5-7.5

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13
Q

Whats more acidic, coffee or baking soda

A

coffee

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14
Q

is blood basic or acidic

A

basic

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15
Q

Whats more alkalin, water or coffee

A

water

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16
Q

Acidosis

A

more acidic blood

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17
Q

Alkalosis

A

more basic blood

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18
Q

Every time you move on the pH scale it increases by what

A

10s

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19
Q

Is acid a high or low pH

A

low

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20
Q

is basic a high or low pH

A

high

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21
Q

How much more basic is a solution with a pH of 12 than a pH of 7

A

100,000, 10x5=100,000

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22
Q

What is normal body fluid on the ph scale

A

6.5-7.5

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23
Q

Buffer

A

substances that neutralize other acids and bases in a solution to prevent pH swings

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24
Q

Denaturation

A

when protein changes shape,a change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means. Denatured proteins lose their functional shape and are no longer able to carry out their jobs

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25
Q

What 3 things cause denature of a protein

A

temperature, pH, other chemicals

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26
Q

Curdling of milk when acidic lemon juice is added is an example of what

A

protein denaturation

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27
Q

Reactants

A

what’s entering the equation ( cake ingredients)

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28
Q

Product

A

what is produced in the reaction (cake)

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29
Q

The product must contain

A

the same amount and type of elements that were in the reaction

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30
Q

Law of conservation of matter

A

matter can not be created or destroyed but can only change form

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31
Q

Is this balanced?
CO2+H2O-> C6 H12 O6+O2?

A

NO. Does not equal on each side. C=1 and C=6, O=3 and O=8, H=2 and H=12.

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32
Q

What is the first half to the left of the arrow called? CO2+H2O-> C6 H12 O6+O2

A

Reactant

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33
Q

What is the second half to the right of the arrow called CO2+H2O-> C6 H12 O6+O2

A

Product

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34
Q

What is the 6 called in this 6CO2

A

coefficient which is how many units we have

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35
Q

How do you tell if this equation is balanced 6CO2+6H2O-> C6H12O6+6O2

A

6* carbons 1= 6, 6Oxygens 2=12, + 6H2=12, O*6=6 SO C=6, H=12 O=18. If you do the same thing on the other side you will see that you get the same answers C=6, O=18 and H=12. You must take the coefficient and times it by the subscript.

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36
Q

What does a molecule have to contain in order to be organic?

A

must contain Carbon and hydrogen. C-C or C-H

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37
Q

Synthesis=

A

reactions that build big compounts

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38
Q

example of synthesis

A

Na+Cl=NaCl

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39
Q

Example of exchange

A

AB+CD=AD+CB

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40
Q

Does exchange have a water example?

A

no

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41
Q

What is the chemical formula

A

A+B=AB

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42
Q

If water is in the product what is it?

A

Dehydration synthesis

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43
Q

Reactions that build are

A

Anabolism, synthesis, dehydration synthesis(take water out), Endergonic (put energy in), A+B->AB,

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44
Q

If water is in the reactant what is it?

A

Hydrolysis (water helps bread down chemicals

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45
Q

Reactions that break down

A

Catabolism, Decomposition, Hydrolysis (putting in water to break down a molecule), Exergonic (releasing energy), AB->A+B

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46
Q

Decomposition/Catabolic =

A

break down big compounds into smaller pieces or individual atoms

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47
Q

Synthesis/Anabolic

A

reactions that build big compounds from individual atoms or small pieces

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48
Q

If water is in a product it is

A

dehydration synthesis

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49
Q

Hydrolysis

A

helps water break down, is in the reactant part of the equation

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50
Q

Endergonic

A

putting energy in

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51
Q

Exergonic

A

releasing energy

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52
Q

Exchange

A

2 compounds decompose, switch partners and then synthesize. example: AB+CD->AD+CB
(swingers)

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53
Q

Energy can not

A

be created or destroyed

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54
Q

Chemical reactions involve

A

the transfer of energy

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55
Q

Kinetic energy

A

energy of motion including heat which makes chemicals move quickly

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56
Q

Potential energy

A

stored in chemical bonds, not moving

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57
Q

Endergonic/Anabolic

A

Puts more energy into the reaction, building new bonds, its anabolic, costs energy

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58
Q

Exergonic/Catabolic

A

puts less energy in to the reaction, breaking existing bonds, releasing energy, its catabolic

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59
Q

Endothermic reaction

A

products have more energy than what we started with

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60
Q

Exothermic reaction

A

products have less energy than we started with.

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61
Q

Activation energy

A

minimum amount of energy required to cause a reaction to occur. Have to reach this in order for reaction to happen.

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62
Q

Catalyst

A

substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being changed or used up by the reaction. Lower activation energy requirement.

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63
Q

Biological catalyst

A

enzymes made of protein

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64
Q

What is a reactant that uses an enzyme?

A

substrate

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65
Q

Substrate

A

is a reactant that uses enzymes and will attach to an enzyme at active site

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66
Q

Active Site

A

Lock and Key. Enzyme is the lock, product is the key.

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67
Q

What are the factors that regulate enzymes?

A

pH, temperature, other chemicals.

68
Q

Enzymes are made of

A

proteins

69
Q

What is the Van Der Waais force?

A

The positive side is attracted to the negative side.

70
Q

Chemical reactions require what?

A

energy to break chemical bonds

71
Q

T/F Catalysts arnt used up by chemical reactions.

A

TRUE.

72
Q

the delta symbol means what

A

partially

73
Q

Water is a

A

reactant and a polar molecule, hydrophilic molecule. Charged and polar molecules such as sugar and salt.

74
Q

T/F Water has a high heat capacity

A

True

75
Q

T/F Water is a solvent

A

True

76
Q

Solvent is

A

a liquid that dissolves a solute

77
Q

Solute is

A

the thing dissolving in a solvent, such as salt

78
Q

What do we call that equal mixture between the solute and solvent? And if it uses water what is it called?

A

Solution, Aqueous solution

79
Q

Examples of aqueous?

A

blood, urine, liquid medication, body fluids

80
Q

Aqueous solution

A

uses water as a solvent ex: blood, urine, body fluids.

81
Q

What happens if your solution has the exact same concentration as your blood?

A

its a saline

82
Q

What happens with the ions stay in water? What are they called now.

A

Electrolytes

83
Q

T/F Water is not a polar molecule

A

FALSE it is a polar molecule

84
Q

Hydrophilic

A

loves water, polar molecules and charged ions are also hydrophilic. ex: salts and sugars

85
Q

Hydrophobic

A

water fearing, non polar molecules, non charged chemicals. Ex: oil, fats

86
Q

What are water fearing things?

A

oils, fats, lipids these are uncharged. they repeal the water

87
Q

Organic molecules

A

Contains carbon-carbon (C-C) and carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds.

88
Q

Inorganic molecules

A

do not contain C-C or C-H bonds. they contain any other atom.

89
Q

Monomer

A

organic containing carbon at minimal, but could contain H, O, N. simple building blocks, small subunit molecule

90
Q

Polymer

A

long chain of monomer, large molecule (macromolecule), made up of monomer

91
Q

Polymerization

A

process of forming polymer form multiple monomers.

92
Q

What is the most abundant elements in the human body

A

O, C, H, N
oh come home now.

93
Q

What is the order of abundance for the elements in our body?

A

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen. (Oh come home now)

94
Q

4 types of organic macromolecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

*O, C, H, N come together to make these ^^^

95
Q

Whats Iron important for?

A

blood carrying oxygen through the blood. (inorganic)

96
Q

Whats calcium important for?

A

for strong bones (inorganic)

97
Q

Whats iodine important for?

A

For the thyroid/ thyroid health (Inorgainic)

98
Q

What is sodium important for?

A

your nervous activity like your nervous system (inorganic)

99
Q

Organic compounds are

A

found in all living things, contain carbon, organic monomer (always includes carbon) Macromolecules (DNA, can be monomers or polymers).

100
Q

T/F Carbon atoms can bond to each other and other elements.

A

TRUE

101
Q

Nucletides are what shape

A

double helix

102
Q

Monomer subunit turns into

A

Polymer macromolecule

103
Q

Nucleotide turns into

A

Nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)

104
Q

Amino acid turns into

A

protein

105
Q

monosaccharide turns into

A

carbohydrates

106
Q

Lipids turn into

A

not polymer bc they don’t have a subunit.

107
Q

T/F Carbon can combine itself as many times as it wants

A

TRUE

108
Q

Carbohydrates

A

macromolecules made up of monosaccharides.

109
Q

Monosaccharide

A

monomer of carbohydrate, also known as simple sugar (Mono=1)

110
Q

Two examples of monosaccharides

A

simple sugar, glucose.

mono=one
ose=sugar

111
Q

Disaccaride

A

two carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via a glycosidic bond. (Di = 2)

112
Q

Organic macromolecules contain what

A

CH2O

113
Q

T/F Monomers are monosaccharides

A

TRUE

114
Q

T/F Disaccharides are two monosaccharides bonded together

A

TRUE

115
Q

Polymers are

A

polysaccharides

116
Q

What is a Polysaccharide

A

(Poly= many) more than 2 monosaccharides, long chain of complex carbohydrates (monosaccharides) linked together by glycosidic bonds

117
Q

Three types of Polysaccharides

A

cellulose (from plants ex fiber), starches(grain, potatoes, corn), glycogen (stored version of glucose).

118
Q

If it ends in “ose”

A

its going to be sugar

119
Q

Proteins

A

make channels in cell membrane and play important role in antibodies (immunoglobulins)

120
Q

What is denaturing of a protein

A

changing the shape of the protein. caused by temperature, pH and other chemicals. Results are: illness or death

121
Q

T/F Nitrogen comes into play with proteins

A

TRUE

122
Q

Proteins are made up of what

A

Amino acids

123
Q

What are the 4 levels of protein structures

A

Primary structure, Secondary structure, Tertiary structure, Quaternary structure

124
Q

Primary structure looks like what

A

a single file line, is the primary structure for protein

125
Q

What are the 2 examples of the secondary structures?

A

alpha helix (looks like half DNA or spiral coil) and Beta plated sheet (looks like a road map slightly folded up)

126
Q

Tertiary structure looks like what

A

means 3 and is a 3D structure

127
Q

Quaternary looks like what

A

4-3D structures. (An example is hemoglobin inside your blood, on your red blood cells it carries oxygen and binds them together)

128
Q

What is the only thing that changes in the amino acid?

A

the R group, the rest of the structure stay the same.

129
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

9, meaning we cant produce it in the body we have to consume 9 of these amino acids, we have to get them from our diet.

130
Q

T/F When two amino acids come together they make a peptide bond to form long chains called polypeptides (poly protein)

A

TRUE

131
Q

Whats a peptide bond

A

bond that holds amino bonds together

132
Q

What’s it called when protein changes shape

A

Denatured protein

133
Q

How many different amino acids are there

A

20

134
Q

T/F The proteins folded shape is critical to function

A

TRUE

135
Q

T/F ALL Lipids hydrophobic

A

TRUE

136
Q

What are the types of lipids

A

Cell membrane, fats, oils, waxes, steroids

137
Q

In general, are lipids polymers?

A

NO they are not made up of monomers

138
Q

What is the one type of lipid that we can consider a polymer?

A

Triglyceride

139
Q

At room temp, are saturated fats solid or liquid

A

solid

140
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

liquid are room temp. Makes bond that knocks off hydrogen.

141
Q

Are triglycerides unsaturated?

A

yes

142
Q

Triglyceride

A

lipid compound composed of a glycerol
molecule bonded with three fatty acid chains

143
Q

T/F Lipids are short energy storage

A

FALSE they are LONG energy storage and insulation, hormones.

144
Q

One type of monomer is

A

fatty acids such as triglycerides

145
Q

Are lipids saturated with hydrogen

A

yes

146
Q

Unsaturated has extra

A

carbon

147
Q

If one chain is bent what does it mean?

A

its unsaturated.

148
Q

What are the 3 types of lipids?

A

triglyceride, phospholipids, steroids.

149
Q

Phospholipids

A

make up the cell membrane and the membrane around the cell organelles.

150
Q

Suspension is

A

a mixture in which solid particles are dispersed in a liquid but not fully dissolved.

151
Q

What three factors affect enzymes

A

pH, temperature and other chemicals

152
Q

What are Biological catalyst called?

A

Enzymes

153
Q

What are enzymes made up of

A

proteins

154
Q

Where do the substrates attach to the enzyme at?

A

active site

155
Q

What is a substrate

A

a reactant that uses an enzyme

156
Q

What is the minimum amount of energy required to cause a reaction?

A

Activation energy or activation site

157
Q

Terms that go with anabolic

A

Endergonic, endothermic, synthesis and one special case with water is dehydration synthesis. These all build new bonds and put in energy

158
Q

Terms that go with catabolic

A

Exergonic, exothermic, Hydrolysis, decomposition

159
Q

Where does the body get the energy it needs to recharge ADP

A

breaking down food consumed in our died and breaking down stores of fat, polysaccharides and other energy molecules.

160
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

161
Q

How many are essential amino acids

A

9

162
Q

Nucleic acid

A

have monomer called nucleotide

163
Q

DNA is what

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

164
Q

RNA is what

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil

165
Q

ATP

A

energy currency in the bodyf

166
Q

What are the 3 phosphate groups when a bond is changed

A

Adenine, ribose, phosphate group.

167
Q

How many phosphate groups should there be

A

3 in order to have the energy needed

A&P 1 (5 decks)

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