Unit 2 cont. Acid Bases Buffers Flashcards
PH
the measurement of the concentration of free hydrogen ions in a solution. This affects the proteins.
Acids
donates hydrogen into a solution H+
Base
donates or releases hydroxide into a solution OH-. They also pulls out hydrogen in the solution.
Another name for base or basic?
Alkaline
If there are more hydrogen atoms what is it
acid 6 and below is acidic
if there are fewer hydrogen atoms what is it
alkaline or base, above 7 is base
If we are further from 7 is it stronger acid/base or weaker?
stronger
If we are closer to 7 is it a stronger or weaker base/acid
weaker
If there are more hydrogen atoms does that make it high pH or low pH
LOW and acidic
If there are few hydrogen atoms is the pH high or low
HIGH and basic
What is a safe blood pH
7.35-7.45
What is our body fluids on the pH scale?
6.5-7.5
Whats more acidic, coffee or baking soda
coffee
is blood basic or acidic
basic
Whats more alkalin, water or coffee
water
Acidosis
more acidic blood
Alkalosis
more basic blood
Every time you move on the pH scale it increases by what
10s
Is acid a high or low pH
low
is basic a high or low pH
high
How much more basic is a solution with a pH of 12 than a pH of 7
100,000, 10x5=100,000
What is normal body fluid on the ph scale
6.5-7.5
Buffer
substances that neutralize other acids and bases in a solution to prevent pH swings
Denaturation
when protein changes shape,a change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means. Denatured proteins lose their functional shape and are no longer able to carry out their jobs
What 3 things cause denature of a protein
temperature, pH, other chemicals
Curdling of milk when acidic lemon juice is added is an example of what
protein denaturation
Reactants
what’s entering the equation ( cake ingredients)
Product
what is produced in the reaction (cake)
The product must contain
the same amount and type of elements that were in the reaction
Law of conservation of matter
matter can not be created or destroyed but can only change form
Is this balanced?
CO2+H2O-> C6 H12 O6+O2?
NO. Does not equal on each side. C=1 and C=6, O=3 and O=8, H=2 and H=12.
What is the first half to the left of the arrow called? CO2+H2O-> C6 H12 O6+O2
Reactant
What is the second half to the right of the arrow called CO2+H2O-> C6 H12 O6+O2
Product
What is the 6 called in this 6CO2
coefficient which is how many units we have
How do you tell if this equation is balanced 6CO2+6H2O-> C6H12O6+6O2
6* carbons 1= 6, 6Oxygens 2=12, + 6H2=12, O*6=6 SO C=6, H=12 O=18. If you do the same thing on the other side you will see that you get the same answers C=6, O=18 and H=12. You must take the coefficient and times it by the subscript.
What does a molecule have to contain in order to be organic?
must contain Carbon and hydrogen. C-C or C-H
Synthesis=
reactions that build big compounts
example of synthesis
Na+Cl=NaCl
Example of exchange
AB+CD=AD+CB
Does exchange have a water example?
no
What is the chemical formula
A+B=AB
If water is in the product what is it?
Dehydration synthesis
Reactions that build are
Anabolism, synthesis, dehydration synthesis(take water out), Endergonic (put energy in), A+B->AB,
If water is in the reactant what is it?
Hydrolysis (water helps bread down chemicals
Reactions that break down
Catabolism, Decomposition, Hydrolysis (putting in water to break down a molecule), Exergonic (releasing energy), AB->A+B
Decomposition/Catabolic =
break down big compounds into smaller pieces or individual atoms
Synthesis/Anabolic
reactions that build big compounds from individual atoms or small pieces
If water is in a product it is
dehydration synthesis
Hydrolysis
helps water break down, is in the reactant part of the equation
Endergonic
putting energy in
Exergonic
releasing energy
Exchange
2 compounds decompose, switch partners and then synthesize. example: AB+CD->AD+CB
(swingers)
Energy can not
be created or destroyed
Chemical reactions involve
the transfer of energy
Kinetic energy
energy of motion including heat which makes chemicals move quickly
Potential energy
stored in chemical bonds, not moving
Endergonic/Anabolic
Puts more energy into the reaction, building new bonds, its anabolic, costs energy
Exergonic/Catabolic
puts less energy in to the reaction, breaking existing bonds, releasing energy, its catabolic
Endothermic reaction
products have more energy than what we started with
Exothermic reaction
products have less energy than we started with.
Activation energy
minimum amount of energy required to cause a reaction to occur. Have to reach this in order for reaction to happen.
Catalyst
substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being changed or used up by the reaction. Lower activation energy requirement.
Biological catalyst
enzymes made of protein
What is a reactant that uses an enzyme?
substrate
Substrate
is a reactant that uses enzymes and will attach to an enzyme at active site
Active Site
Lock and Key. Enzyme is the lock, product is the key.
What are the factors that regulate enzymes?
pH, temperature, other chemicals.
Enzymes are made of
proteins
What is the Van Der Waais force?
The positive side is attracted to the negative side.
Chemical reactions require what?
energy to break chemical bonds
T/F Catalysts arnt used up by chemical reactions.
TRUE.
the delta symbol means what
partially
Water is a
reactant and a polar molecule, hydrophilic molecule. Charged and polar molecules such as sugar and salt.
T/F Water has a high heat capacity
True
T/F Water is a solvent
True
Solvent is
a liquid that dissolves a solute
Solute is
the thing dissolving in a solvent, such as salt
What do we call that equal mixture between the solute and solvent? And if it uses water what is it called?
Solution, Aqueous solution
Examples of aqueous?
blood, urine, liquid medication, body fluids
Aqueous solution
uses water as a solvent ex: blood, urine, body fluids.
What happens if your solution has the exact same concentration as your blood?
its a saline
What happens with the ions stay in water? What are they called now.
Electrolytes
T/F Water is not a polar molecule
FALSE it is a polar molecule
Hydrophilic
loves water, polar molecules and charged ions are also hydrophilic. ex: salts and sugars
Hydrophobic
water fearing, non polar molecules, non charged chemicals. Ex: oil, fats
What are water fearing things?
oils, fats, lipids these are uncharged. they repeal the water
Organic molecules
Contains carbon-carbon (C-C) and carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds.
Inorganic molecules
do not contain C-C or C-H bonds. they contain any other atom.
Monomer
organic containing carbon at minimal, but could contain H, O, N. simple building blocks, small subunit molecule
Polymer
long chain of monomer, large molecule (macromolecule), made up of monomer
Polymerization
process of forming polymer form multiple monomers.
What is the most abundant elements in the human body
O, C, H, N
oh come home now.
What is the order of abundance for the elements in our body?
Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen. (Oh come home now)
4 types of organic macromolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
*O, C, H, N come together to make these ^^^
Whats Iron important for?
blood carrying oxygen through the blood. (inorganic)
Whats calcium important for?
for strong bones (inorganic)
Whats iodine important for?
For the thyroid/ thyroid health (Inorgainic)
What is sodium important for?
your nervous activity like your nervous system (inorganic)
Organic compounds are
found in all living things, contain carbon, organic monomer (always includes carbon) Macromolecules (DNA, can be monomers or polymers).
T/F Carbon atoms can bond to each other and other elements.
TRUE
Nucletides are what shape
double helix
Monomer subunit turns into
Polymer macromolecule
Nucleotide turns into
Nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)
Amino acid turns into
protein
monosaccharide turns into
carbohydrates
Lipids turn into
not polymer bc they don’t have a subunit.
T/F Carbon can combine itself as many times as it wants
TRUE
Carbohydrates
macromolecules made up of monosaccharides.
Monosaccharide
monomer of carbohydrate, also known as simple sugar (Mono=1)
Two examples of monosaccharides
simple sugar, glucose.
mono=one
ose=sugar
Disaccaride
two carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via a glycosidic bond. (Di = 2)
Organic macromolecules contain what
CH2O
T/F Monomers are monosaccharides
TRUE
T/F Disaccharides are two monosaccharides bonded together
TRUE
Polymers are
polysaccharides
What is a Polysaccharide
(Poly= many) more than 2 monosaccharides, long chain of complex carbohydrates (monosaccharides) linked together by glycosidic bonds
Three types of Polysaccharides
cellulose (from plants ex fiber), starches(grain, potatoes, corn), glycogen (stored version of glucose).
If it ends in “ose”
its going to be sugar
Proteins
make channels in cell membrane and play important role in antibodies (immunoglobulins)
What is denaturing of a protein
changing the shape of the protein. caused by temperature, pH and other chemicals. Results are: illness or death
T/F Nitrogen comes into play with proteins
TRUE
Proteins are made up of what
Amino acids
What are the 4 levels of protein structures
Primary structure, Secondary structure, Tertiary structure, Quaternary structure
Primary structure looks like what
a single file line, is the primary structure for protein
What are the 2 examples of the secondary structures?
alpha helix (looks like half DNA or spiral coil) and Beta plated sheet (looks like a road map slightly folded up)
Tertiary structure looks like what
means 3 and is a 3D structure
Quaternary looks like what
4-3D structures. (An example is hemoglobin inside your blood, on your red blood cells it carries oxygen and binds them together)
What is the only thing that changes in the amino acid?
the R group, the rest of the structure stay the same.
How many essential amino acids are there?
9, meaning we cant produce it in the body we have to consume 9 of these amino acids, we have to get them from our diet.
T/F When two amino acids come together they make a peptide bond to form long chains called polypeptides (poly protein)
TRUE
Whats a peptide bond
bond that holds amino bonds together
What’s it called when protein changes shape
Denatured protein
How many different amino acids are there
20
T/F The proteins folded shape is critical to function
TRUE
T/F ALL Lipids hydrophobic
TRUE
What are the types of lipids
Cell membrane, fats, oils, waxes, steroids
In general, are lipids polymers?
NO they are not made up of monomers
What is the one type of lipid that we can consider a polymer?
Triglyceride
At room temp, are saturated fats solid or liquid
solid
Unsaturated fats
liquid are room temp. Makes bond that knocks off hydrogen.
Are triglycerides unsaturated?
yes
Triglyceride
lipid compound composed of a glycerol
molecule bonded with three fatty acid chains
T/F Lipids are short energy storage
FALSE they are LONG energy storage and insulation, hormones.
One type of monomer is
fatty acids such as triglycerides
Are lipids saturated with hydrogen
yes
Unsaturated has extra
carbon
If one chain is bent what does it mean?
its unsaturated.
What are the 3 types of lipids?
triglyceride, phospholipids, steroids.
Phospholipids
make up the cell membrane and the membrane around the cell organelles.
Suspension is
a mixture in which solid particles are dispersed in a liquid but not fully dissolved.
What three factors affect enzymes
pH, temperature and other chemicals
What are Biological catalyst called?
Enzymes
What are enzymes made up of
proteins
Where do the substrates attach to the enzyme at?
active site
What is a substrate
a reactant that uses an enzyme
What is the minimum amount of energy required to cause a reaction?
Activation energy or activation site
Terms that go with anabolic
Endergonic, endothermic, synthesis and one special case with water is dehydration synthesis. These all build new bonds and put in energy
Terms that go with catabolic
Exergonic, exothermic, Hydrolysis, decomposition
Where does the body get the energy it needs to recharge ADP
breaking down food consumed in our died and breaking down stores of fat, polysaccharides and other energy molecules.
How many amino acids are there?
20
How many are essential amino acids
9
Nucleic acid
have monomer called nucleotide
DNA is what
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
RNA is what
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
ATP
energy currency in the bodyf
What are the 3 phosphate groups when a bond is changed
Adenine, ribose, phosphate group.
How many phosphate groups should there be
3 in order to have the energy needed
