Unit 1 introduction into the human body Flashcards
Anatomy
study of body structures
Gross anatomy
study of larger structures
Regional anatomy
all anatomy in that specific region
Microscopic Anatomy
structures observed through a miscroscope
Cytology
study of cells
Hystology
study of tissues
Systemic anatomy
study of structures of major organ systems
Cell Physiology
is the study of the chemistry and physics and the function of living cells
Physiology
the study of the body functions
What are the 5 key components necessary for life
Responsiveness, growth, reproduction, movement, metabolism
Responsiveness
ability to adjust to the change in environment
Growth
increase in body size
Reproduction
formation of new organism generated by their parent organism
Movement
actions of the joints of the body and the motion of individual organs and individual cells.
Metabolism
The consumption of food and the subsequent conversion into energy
What are the two parts of metabolism
anabolism and catabolism
Anabolism
the process where smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger, more complex substances. Requires energy
Catabolism
process where large more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules. Releases energy.
What is the largest component of the cells, blood and fluid
water
Homeostasis
steady state of the body, if we get to far away we die.
Pressure
the force exerted by a substance that is in contact with another substance.
Pathophysiology
study of the disordered physiological processes that cause, result from, or are otherwise associated with a disease or injury.
Surface anatomy
Study of general form and superficial markings
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
body’s main source of energy. made by oxygen.
Macro
means large, needs more, energy yielding. we gain energy by eating. ex: carbs, lipids and proteins .
Micro
small, needs smaller amounts, do not yield energy. ex: vitamins and minerals.
Temperature
maintain 98.6 or 37C
Atmospheric pressure
nitrogen and oxygen.
Atmospheric
pressure exerted by mixture of gases.
Higher the elevation
lower the pressure and harder to breathe
Higher the pressure
easier to breathe
X-rays
form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases. Best used for bones and teeth. High energy radiation can lead to cancer and damaging of cells
CT or computed tomography
uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional x-rays in order to reveal minute details about structures. Higher radiation than X-ray
MRI
noninvasive medical imaging technique based on nuclear physics. Higher cost and patient discomfort. Patient enclosed in metal tube.
PET
radiopharmaceuticlessubstances that emit radiation that is short lived and relatively safe. Can illustrate physiologic activity including nutrient metabolism and blood flow of the organ or organs being targeted. Diagnoses heart disease, spread of cancer, infections, brain abnormalities, bone disease and thyroid disease.
Ulrtasound
uses high frequency sound waves into the body to generate an echo signal that is converted by computer to see real time images. least invasive.
Developmental anatomy
study of the structural changes of an individual from fertilization to adult
6 levels of organization in order
Chemical (smallest), cellular level, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Chemical level
protons, neutrons, electrons, atoms, molecule and macromolecule.
Sub atomic particles
smallest structure in chemical level. they make up the atom
Atom
is the smallest unit of any element.
Element
is a pure substance
Molecule
Two or more atoms combine via chemical bond
Macromolecules
large molecules that are important to life. Molecules come together to make these.
Cellular level
molecules combine to form the fluid and organelles of the body
Organelle
smallest structure of cellular level. they preform specific jobs
Cell
are the smallest living unit and can preform all requirements of life. aka Cyte
Tissue level
community of similar cells form this.
4 types of tissue
connective, epithelial, muscle, nerve
Organ level
two or more different tissues working together to preform a specific function. ex heart and brain
How many organ systems and what are they
11, integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive (male and female)
Organism
largest part, is a living being that has a cellular structure that can independently preform all physiologic functions necessary for life.
Integumentary system
hair, skin, nails, protect against environmental hazards, controls body temp
Skeletal system
cartilage, bones, joints, provides support, protect tissues, store minerals and help in formation of blood cells
Muscular system
skeletal muscles, tendons, cardiac, smooth. provide movement, protection, support for other tissues. Also helps to produce heat.
Nervous system
brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves. Direct immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordination the activities of other organ systems. Provides and interprets sensory information.
Endocrine system
pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, testes/overies. direct longterm changes in activities of other organ system via hormones.
Circulatory system
heart, blood vessels. Transport cells and dissolve materials including nutrients, wastes, oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.
Lymphatic system
thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels. Defend against infection and help return tissue fluid to the blood stream.
Respitory system
Nasal, passage, trachea, lungs. To deliver air to sites in the lungs where gas exchange occurs between the air and blood stream and helps produce sound for communication.
Digestive system
liver, stomach, large intestine, small intestine. Process food and absorb nutrients.
Urinary system
Kidneys and bladder. Excrete waste and waste products from blood and also helps control water balance.
Reproductive
ovaries and testies, produce sex cells, as well as sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen/progesterone.
A system responsible for secreting hormones that help regulate various bodily processes
Endocrine
Set point
the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates. Ideal value
Normal range
restricted set value that is stable and helpful
Sensor/receptor
component of a feedback system that monitors a value
Positive feedback
feedback intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition rather than reversing it. likes change, doesn’t want to stay normal
Negative feedback
doesn’t like change, feels negative towards change. Effectors bring back to normal change
Effectors
Component of the feedback system that causes the change.
Positive feedback examples
lactation, blood clotting, childbirth
Negative feedback examples
blood glucose regulation, erythropoiesis, thermoregulation and blood pressure regulation.
If the effector is pushing you further from Homeostasis then what feedback system are you in?
Positive
If the effector is bringing you back to homeostasis then what feedback system are you in?
Negative
Control center
brains of the operation, receives the stimulus from the receptor then sends the message to the effectors.
