Unit 1 introduction into the human body Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

study of body structures

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2
Q

Gross anatomy

A

study of larger structures

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3
Q

Regional anatomy

A

all anatomy in that specific region

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4
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

structures observed through a miscroscope

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5
Q

Cytology

A

study of cells

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6
Q

Hystology

A

study of tissues

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7
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

study of structures of major organ systems

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8
Q

Cell Physiology

A

is the study of the chemistry and physics and the function of living cells

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9
Q

Physiology

A

the study of the body functions

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10
Q

What are the 5 key components necessary for life

A

Responsiveness, growth, reproduction, movement, metabolism

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11
Q

Responsiveness

A

ability to adjust to the change in environment

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12
Q

Growth

A

increase in body size

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13
Q

Reproduction

A

formation of new organism generated by their parent organism

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14
Q

Movement

A

actions of the joints of the body and the motion of individual organs and individual cells.

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15
Q

Metabolism

A

The consumption of food and the subsequent conversion into energy

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16
Q

What are the two parts of metabolism

A

anabolism and catabolism

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17
Q

Anabolism

A

the process where smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger, more complex substances. Requires energy

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18
Q

Catabolism

A

process where large more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules. Releases energy.

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19
Q

What is the largest component of the cells, blood and fluid

A

water

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20
Q

Homeostasis

A

steady state of the body, if we get to far away we die.

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21
Q

Pressure

A

the force exerted by a substance that is in contact with another substance.

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22
Q

Pathophysiology

A

study of the disordered physiological processes that cause, result from, or are otherwise associated with a disease or injury.

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23
Q

Surface anatomy

A

Study of general form and superficial markings

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24
Q

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

A

body’s main source of energy. made by oxygen.

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25
Q

Macro

A

means large, needs more, energy yielding. we gain energy by eating. ex: carbs, lipids and proteins .

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26
Q

Micro

A

small, needs smaller amounts, do not yield energy. ex: vitamins and minerals.

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27
Q

Temperature

A

maintain 98.6 or 37C

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28
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

nitrogen and oxygen.

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29
Q

Atmospheric

A

pressure exerted by mixture of gases.

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30
Q

Higher the elevation

A

lower the pressure and harder to breathe

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31
Q

Higher the pressure

A

easier to breathe

32
Q

X-rays

A

form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases. Best used for bones and teeth. High energy radiation can lead to cancer and damaging of cells

33
Q

CT or computed tomography

A

uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional x-rays in order to reveal minute details about structures. Higher radiation than X-ray

34
Q

MRI

A

noninvasive medical imaging technique based on nuclear physics. Higher cost and patient discomfort. Patient enclosed in metal tube.

35
Q

PET

A

radiopharmaceuticlessubstances that emit radiation that is short lived and relatively safe. Can illustrate physiologic activity including nutrient metabolism and blood flow of the organ or organs being targeted. Diagnoses heart disease, spread of cancer, infections, brain abnormalities, bone disease and thyroid disease.

36
Q

Ulrtasound

A

uses high frequency sound waves into the body to generate an echo signal that is converted by computer to see real time images. least invasive.

37
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

study of the structural changes of an individual from fertilization to adult

38
Q

6 levels of organization in order

A

Chemical (smallest), cellular level, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

39
Q

Chemical level

A

protons, neutrons, electrons, atoms, molecule and macromolecule.

40
Q

Sub atomic particles

A

smallest structure in chemical level. they make up the atom

41
Q

Atom

A

is the smallest unit of any element.

42
Q

Element

A

is a pure substance

43
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms combine via chemical bond

44
Q

Macromolecules

A

large molecules that are important to life. Molecules come together to make these.

45
Q

Cellular level

A

molecules combine to form the fluid and organelles of the body

46
Q

Organelle

A

smallest structure of cellular level. they preform specific jobs

47
Q

Cell

A

are the smallest living unit and can preform all requirements of life. aka Cyte

48
Q

Tissue level

A

community of similar cells form this.

49
Q

4 types of tissue

A

connective, epithelial, muscle, nerve

50
Q

Organ level

A

two or more different tissues working together to preform a specific function. ex heart and brain

51
Q

How many organ systems and what are they

A

11, integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive (male and female)

52
Q

Organism

A

largest part, is a living being that has a cellular structure that can independently preform all physiologic functions necessary for life.

53
Q

Integumentary system

A

hair, skin, nails, protect against environmental hazards, controls body temp

54
Q

Skeletal system

A

cartilage, bones, joints, provides support, protect tissues, store minerals and help in formation of blood cells

55
Q

Muscular system

A

skeletal muscles, tendons, cardiac, smooth. provide movement, protection, support for other tissues. Also helps to produce heat.

56
Q

Nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves. Direct immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordination the activities of other organ systems. Provides and interprets sensory information.

57
Q

Endocrine system

A

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, testes/overies. direct longterm changes in activities of other organ system via hormones.

58
Q

Circulatory system

A

heart, blood vessels. Transport cells and dissolve materials including nutrients, wastes, oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.

59
Q

Lymphatic system

A

thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels. Defend against infection and help return tissue fluid to the blood stream.

60
Q

Respitory system

A

Nasal, passage, trachea, lungs. To deliver air to sites in the lungs where gas exchange occurs between the air and blood stream and helps produce sound for communication.

61
Q

Digestive system

A

liver, stomach, large intestine, small intestine. Process food and absorb nutrients.

62
Q

Urinary system

A

Kidneys and bladder. Excrete waste and waste products from blood and also helps control water balance.

63
Q

Reproductive

A

ovaries and testies, produce sex cells, as well as sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen/progesterone.

64
Q

A system responsible for secreting hormones that help regulate various bodily processes

A

Endocrine

65
Q

Set point

A

the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates. Ideal value

66
Q

Normal range

A

restricted set value that is stable and helpful

67
Q

Sensor/receptor

A

component of a feedback system that monitors a value

68
Q

Positive feedback

A

feedback intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition rather than reversing it. likes change, doesn’t want to stay normal

69
Q

Negative feedback

A

doesn’t like change, feels negative towards change. Effectors bring back to normal change

70
Q

Effectors

A

Component of the feedback system that causes the change.

71
Q

Positive feedback examples

A

lactation, blood clotting, childbirth

72
Q

Negative feedback examples

A

blood glucose regulation, erythropoiesis, thermoregulation and blood pressure regulation.

73
Q

If the effector is pushing you further from Homeostasis then what feedback system are you in?

A

Positive

74
Q

If the effector is bringing you back to homeostasis then what feedback system are you in?

A

Negative

75
Q

Control center

A

brains of the operation, receives the stimulus from the receptor then sends the message to the effectors.