Unit 2:Chemistry level of organization Flashcards
Matter
anything that has mass and takes up space
Element
pure substance that can’t be broken down into smaller pieces by ordinary chemical means.
Nucleus
the center
Protons
positive
Neutrons
no charge
Electrons
negative charge
What are in the nucleus
protons and neutrons
What’s outside the nucleus
electrons
An element is determined by what?
its atomic number which is the number or protons it has in the nucleus.
What can change the number of protons?
nuclear reactions,
Atomic mass
number of protons and the number of neutrons. This is how much the atom weighs.
Atoms containing extra neutrons are
heavy and unstable radioactive isotopes
Isotope
One of the variations of an element in which the number of neutrons differ from each other. When an atom gains or loses a neutron it becomes an isotope because it is no longer stable.
Standard isotope is
carbon 12. carbon 12 has 6 protons and 6 neutrons making the mass number 12.
Isotopes are
radioactive (nucleus readily decays, giving off subatomic particles and electromagnet energy)
Electrons weight is
so small its negligible
Electrons can
donate/share/ accept to from a chemical bond
A stable atom will have
same number of protons and electrons. this is electronically neutral.
What creates an ion
having more or less electrons which creates electrical charge and ions.
Ion
atom with an overall positive or negative charge
An ion is a
charged atom
Stable atom
same number of protons and electrons
Isotopes can gain a ___ but not a ____
neutron, proton
Radioactive carbon
When there is more neutrons than protons. 6P 8N=C14
Octet rule
first shell must be filled of electrons before any can move to the second shell and so on.
How many electrons go in the first shell
2
How many go in the second shell and so on
8
Valence ring
outer most shell with at least one electron. IF valence is full its stable, if not its looking for bonds.
If a valence is half full youre likely to
donate electrons
if a valence is greater than half full youre likely to
accept electrons
if its exactly half full your likely to
share electrons
Bond
weak or strong electrical attraction that holds atoms in the same vicinity
Molecule
Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. H2
Compound
two or more atoms of different elements its a chemical compound. H2O is a compound.
Donating or accepting electrons is
ionic bond
Ionic bonds create
salt
covalent bonds create
molecules by sharing electrons in a stable relationship
Example of a chemical compound
H2O
Little number by the element that tells us how many atoms are in that element?
subscript, the 2 in H2O is a subscript
In an ionic bond, the one donating is the
metal, the metal donates one or more electron to non metal creating salt
Losing a negative becomes what
positive
metal becomes what if lost negative and the non metal becomes what
metal = positive and non metal = negative
Covalent bond
occurs when we share one of more electrons creating molecules. It’s the strongest bond.
Which is marriage and which is sugar daddy example of ionic bond and covalent bond
Covalent is marriage and ionic is sugar daddy where one receives and one gains.
Cation
positive ion
Anion
Negative
If you lose electrons what occurs
becomes a cation
if you gain electrons what occurs
becomes anion
Polar
unequally sharing electrons, someone is hogging electrons. Contains regions that have opposite electrical charges
Non polar
sharing equally
Hydrogen bond
Hydrogen bonds always include hydrogen that is already part of a polar molecule.
If hydrogen shares electrons but oxygen hogs electrons (H20) what is this an example of
polar
Polar molecules are
terminate poles of electrical charge
Van der waais force
occurs when 2 or more polar molecules are near each other. the positive side of the polar molecule will be attracted to the negative side of the polar molecule. creates hydrogen bonds
Weakest of all the bonds
hydrogen
Hydrogen bonds
help blood flow and carry nutrients, 3D structure of proteins, weak bonds that hold DNA together.
T/F Water is polar
TRUE
T/F Water forms hydrogen bonds
TRUE
T/F hydrogen bonding relates to the states of water
TRUE
T/F Salts have negative charge only
FALSE, Salts have positive and negative
T/F A charge = molecules
FALSE NO CHARGE=Molecules
What is the order of abundance that makes up 95% of the body
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
(Oh come home now)
