Unit 2- Chromosomes and Cellular Reproduction

Question 1

Prokaryotes

Answer 1

• small (1-10um), unicellular, no membrane-bound organelles
• 1 circular DNA (no histones in bacteria; some in archaea) (small amount)
• no nucleus
• made up of eubacteria and archaea

Question 2

Eukaryotes

Answer 2

• large(10-100um), unicellular (protists) and multicellular, membrane-bound organelles
• genetic material surrounded in nuclear envelope to form nucleus
• DNA is closely associated with histones to form tightly packed chromosomes

Question 3

viruses

Answer 3

• neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic
• outer protein coat surrounding nucleic acid

Question 4

homologous pairs

Answer 4

2 sets of chromosomes found in a diploid
(two sister chromatids of the same genes) (one from mother and one from father)

Question 5

diploid

Answer 5

2 sets of genetic info

Question 6

haploid

Answer 6

1 set of genetic info

Question 7

somatic cells

Answer 7

body cells (diploid)

Question 8

gametes

Answer 8

sex cells (haploid)

Question 9

centromere

Answer 9

attachment point for spindle microtubules

Question 10

Telomeres

Answer 10

tips of a linear chromosome

Question 11

origins of replication

Answer 11

where the DNA synthesis begins

Question 12

submetacentric

Answer 12

centromere 1/3 way down

Question 13

metacentric

Answer 13

centromere 1/2 way down

Question 14

telocentric

Answer 14

tiny bits of DNA above centromere

Question 15

acrocentric

Answer 15

small top, centromere, long bottoms

Question 16

G0

Answer 16

stable, non-dividing period

Question 17

interphase

Answer 17

extended period between cell division, DNA synthesis, and chromosome replication phase (G1, S, G2)

Question 18

M phase

Answer 18

miotic phase

Question 19

G1 phase

Answer 19

growth, proteins for cell division synthesized, G1/S checkpoint

Question 20

S phase

Answer 20

synthesis of DNA

Question 21

G2 phase

Answer 21

prep for division; G2/M checkpoint (only passed if DNA is completely replicated and undamaged)

Question 22

Prophase

Answer 22

chromosomes condense and mitotic spindles form

Question 23

Prometaphase

Answer 23

nuclear envelope disintigrates and spindle microtubules anchor at kinetichore

Question 24

metaphase

Answer 24

chromosomes align on metaphase plate; spindle-assembly checkpoint

Question 25

anaphase

Answer 25

sister chromatids seperate and indiv chromosomes migrate to poles

Question 26

telophase

Answer 26

chromosomes arrive at poles, nuclear envelope reforms, condensed chromosomes relax

Question 27

cytokinesis

Answer 27

cytoplasm divides; cell wall in plants

Question 28

prophase 1

Answer 28

synapsis, tetrad, crossing over

Question 29

Synapsis

Answer 29

close pairing of homologous chromosomes

Question 30

tetrad

Answer 30

closely associated four-sister chromatids of 2 homologous chromosomes

Question 31

crossing over

Answer 31

crossing over of chromosome segments from one sister chromatid to the other and vice versa

Question 32

metaphase 1

Answer 32

random alignment of tetrads along metphase plate

Question 33

anaphase 1

Answer 33

sep of tetrads and random distribution of chromosomes into two newly divided cells

Question 34

cohesion

Answer 34

protein that holds the chromatids together and is key to the behavior of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis

Question 35

shugoshin

Answer 35

protects cohesion at centromere during anaphase 1

Question 36

spermatogenesis

Answer 36

male gamete production in animals

Question 37

oogenesis

Answer 37

female gamete production in animals