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Microbiology > Unit 2: Chapter 7 Bacterial Metabolism > Flashcards

Unit 2: Chapter 7 Bacterial Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What is catabolism?

A

provides energy and the building blocks (e.g amino acids)

Breaks things down

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2
Q

Catabolic reactions are what type of reactions?

A

exergoinc

Release energy

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3
Q

What is anabolism?

A

uses energy and building block to build large molcules

builds things up

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4
Q

Anabolic reactions are what type of reactions?

A

endergonic

Utilize energy

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5
Q

An example of foods and them using canabolism and anabolism

Just a picture

A
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6
Q

What is the collison theory?

A

In order for a reaction to occur molecules have to collide and break in certian ways in order to break the bond

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7
Q

For the collison theory to occur, what do we need to happen?

3 things

A
  1. Frequent collison
  2. Collison should be energetic
  3. Orientation of the collison
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8
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction

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9
Q

What helps lower the activation energy?

A

Enzymes
Allow it so that the minimum energy needed for the reaction to take place is lowered

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10
Q

What are enzymes made out of?

A

Amino acids

They are proteins

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11
Q

T or F: Enzymes are all the same shape

A

False; Enzymes all have unique shapes

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12
Q

What do enzymes have that help with binding substrates?

A

Active sites

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13
Q

What do the active sights help take care of in regards to the collison thoery?

A

Frequent collison and orientation

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14
Q

Are enzymes highly specific?

A

Yes; enzymes are highly specific in terms of what substrate they act upon

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15
Q

Advantages of the enzymes and substrates tight bond

A

It allows for it to bind tightly enough to where it puts stress on the bond and gives it that enegry

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16
Q

Many enzymes will end in _________

A

-ase

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17
Q

What are cofactors and coenzymes?

A

An additional non-protein molecule that is needed by many enzymes to help the reaction

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18
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

organic molecules such as vitamins

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19
Q

What do coenzymes function as?

A

They function as intremediate carriers of electrons or functional groups that are transferred during a chemical reaction

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20
Q

What are cofactors?

A

inorganic substances such as metal ions

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21
Q

Enzyme Mechanism

Name 4 steps

Picture with the steps of a substrate binding to an enzyme

A
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22
Q

ATP

Just a picture

A
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23
Q

ATP and ADP are constantly being ________

A

recycled

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24
Q

ATP is genereted by

A

the phosphorylation of ADP

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25
Q

What occurs in substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

An enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP which then forms ATP

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26
Q

What two metabolism cycles use substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

glycolysis and citric acid cycle

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27
Q

T or F: a large amount of ATP is made via substrate-level phosphorylation

A

False; small amounts of ATP are from in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by substrate-level phosphorylation

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28
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • This makes the most ATP
  • Involved the electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidation-reduction of electron carriers of ETC
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29
Q

What does oxidative phosphorylation require?

A

an adequate supply of terminal electron acceptor

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30
Q

Oxidation

A

removal of electrons

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31
Q

Reduction

A

gain of electrons

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32
Q

Redox reaction

A

an oxidation reaction paired with reduction reaction

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33
Q

In biological systems, the elctrons are often associated with

A

hydrogen atoms

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34
Q

Oxidation-Reduction

Just a picture to help

A
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35
Q

What are the cellular respiration steps?

A

Glucose (c6h12o6) + Oxygen (o2) —-> Glycolysis —-> Krebs Cycle —-> Electron Transport Chain —-> Carbon Dioxide (co2) + Water (h2o) + ATP

Carbohydrate Catabolism

36
Q

Cellular Respiration Analogy

Just a picture

A
37
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

38
Q

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

A

No; glycolysis is an anerobic process aka it does not require oxygen

39
Q

What are the 3 stages in glycolysis?

A
  1. Activation stage or investment stage (reactions 1-3)
    - Enegry used in this stage
  2. Cleavage stage (reaction 4)
    - Splitting
  3. Harvest stage or return stage (reactions 6-11)
    - NADH is produced
    - ATP is produced
40
Q

Glycolysis Steps

Just a picture
Need to know whats in the picture

A

Substrate: Glucose
Product: 2 pyruvate
ATP used: 2
ATP produced: 4
Net ATP: 2
NADH: 2
FADH: 0

41
Q

What is the intermediate step?

A

When pyruvate (pyruvic acid) turns into acetyl-coA.

Substrate: 2 pyruvate
Products: 2 CO2 and 2 acetyl coA
ATP used: 0
ATP produced: 0
ATP Yeild: 0
NADH: 2
FADH: 0

42
Q

Where does the intermediate step occur in eukaryotes?

A

in the matrix of the mitochondria

43
Q

Where does the intermediate step occur in prokaryotes?

A

in the cytoplasm

44
Q

Where does the krebs cycle occur in eukaroytes?

A

in the matrix of the mitochondria

45
Q

Where does the krebs cycle occur in prokaryotes?

A

in the cytoplasm

46
Q

Krebs Steps
Need to know whats in the picture

Just a picture

A

Substrate: 2 Acetyl coA
Product: 4 CO2
ATP used: 0
ATP produced: 2
ATP Yeild: 2
NADH: 6
FADH: 2

47
Q

The electron transport chain ins comprised of a series of multiprotein complexes called

A

electron carriers

48
Q

The carriers in the ETC alternate reduced and oxidized states as they ____ and ____ electrons

A

accept and donate

49
Q

What happens to electrons as they are passed down the chain?

A

they drop in energy

50
Q

What is the terminal electron accepter in the ETC?

A

O2

51
Q

What does the terminal electron accepter (O2) form?

A

H2O

52
Q

What does the electron transfer in ETC cause proteins to do?

A

It causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space

53
Q

What happens when H+ moves back across the membrane?

A

it passes through the protein complex, ATP synthase

54
Q

How does ATP synthase make ATP?

A

It uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP

55
Q

Where does the electron transport chain take place in eukaryotes?

A

in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

56
Q

Where does the electron transport chain take place in prokaryotes?

A

in the inner membrane

57
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

The use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

58
Q

What is the proton motive force?

A

The H+ gradient

59
Q

Electron Transport Chain in picture form

Just a picture

A

There is a higher concentration of protons on the outside of the cell

60
Q

How much ATP does one NADH make?

A

3 ATP

61
Q

How much ATP does 1 FADH make?

A

2 ATP

62
Q

Total number of ATP made broken down

Theoretically

A
63
Q

Why don’t we always make the full 38 ATP’s in cellular respiration?

A

Because we have other processes going on. The proton motive force is also required to move flagella, maintain overall charge of cell, and help with nutrient uptake.

64
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

No oxygen required

Some bacteria can use alternative terminal electron acceptors to complete respiration, instead of oxygen

65
Q

Because anaerobic respiration can’t pump as many protons out, what happens?

A

It yields less energy than aerobic respiration

66
Q

T or F: anaerobes grow faster than aerobes

A

False; anaerobes grow slower than aerobes

67
Q

Little chart

A
68
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The incomplete oxidation of sugars in the absence of oxygen

69
Q

T or F; Fermentation uses krebs and the electron transport chain

A

False; fermentation does not use either krebs or the electron transport chain

70
Q

What does fermentation use as the terminal electron acceptor?

A

they do not have a terminal electron acceptor

71
Q

The essential function of the second stage of fermentation is to ensure a steady supply of

A

NAD

72
Q

What are the two types of fermentation?

A
  1. Lactic acid fermentation which produces lactic acid
  2. Alcohol fermentation which produces ethanol + CO2
73
Q

Where does lactic acid fermentation occur?

A

In the muscle

74
Q

Where does alcohol fermentation occur?

A

in the cytosol of the cell

75
Q

Lactic Acid and Alcohol Fermentation

Just a picture

A

Build up of NADH so need to regenerate NAD+ through oxidation

76
Q

Where is ATP synthase located?

A

in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

77
Q

The fate of pyruvate at the end of glycolysis depends on

A

whether there is a terminal electron acceptor
1. Terminal electron acceptor? ETC
2. No terminal electron acceptor? Fermentation

78
Q

What is lithotrophy?

A

An inorganic, reduced, molecule serves as the electron donor instead og an organic compound

79
Q

What are som examples of inorganic molecules?

A
  • Ferrous Iron
  • Ammonium Ion
  • Hydrogen Gas
80
Q

Amphilibolic Pathways

A

These are pathways that can be used to build things up and break things down (catabolism and anabolism)

81
Q

Interrealtionship of catabolic pathways

Just a picture

A
82
Q

ATP is formed in what type of reactions?

Anabolic or catabolic?

A

Catabolic

83
Q

ADP is formed in what type of reactions?

Anabolic or catabolic?

A

Anabolic

84
Q

NAD+ —> NADH

Oxidized or reduced?

A

Reduced

gain electron (H)

85
Q

NADH —> NAD+

Oxidized or reduced?

A

Oxidized

Lose electron (H)

86
Q

What is true in regards to the ETC and fermentation?

A

They both regenerate NAD+

87
Q

Can glycolysis and krebs proceed without NAD+?

A

No; NAD+ must be present in order for glycolysis and krebs to proceed

Microbiology (7 decks)

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