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Microbiology > Unit 1: Chapter 5 Cell Biology of Bacteria and Eukaryotes (Bacteria ONLY) > Flashcards

Unit 1: Chapter 5 Cell Biology of Bacteria and Eukaryotes (Bacteria ONLY) Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryote: Cell Traits

A
  • Small cell size
  • DNA organized in nucleotide throughout the cytoplasm
  • Small gemome
  • Circular chromosomes (usually), although may have multiple circualr and linear chromosomes
  • Few intraceullar membranes
  • No intraceullar endosymbiosis organelles
  • Cell wall composed of peptidoglycan
  • Rotray flagella for mortality, driven by proton motive force
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2
Q

Prokaryotes are cells of

A

Bacteria and archaea

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3
Q

Eukartoytes: Cell Traits

A
  • Wide range of cell size, from very small to very large
  • DNA contained in nucleus, enclosed by nuclear membrane
  • Wide range of genome size, including very large
  • Linear chromosomes (in nucleus); mitochondria (derived from bacteria) have one circular chromosome
  • Chromosomes segregate by mitosis and meiosis, after replications during interphase
  • Many types of intraceullar membranous organelles (such as endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, and lysosomes)
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasets are organelles that evolved from endosymbitoic barteria
  • Cell walls of plants and fungi composed of various carbohydrates (such as cellulose or chitin), but NEVER peptidoglycan
  • Whipelike flagella for mortality, with microtubule contraction driven by ATP
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4
Q

Eukaryotes are cells of

A

Plants, animals, fungi, and protozoa

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5
Q

What are most bacterial cell walls composed of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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6
Q

What is monophonic bacteria?

A

Bacteria that does not change shape

The presence of a cell wall helps maintain shape of the cell

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7
Q

Most bacteria are __________

A

Monomorphic

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8
Q

What is pleomorphic bacteria?

A

Bacteria that can alter their shape

Very few bacteria that can do this, and they tend to be those without a cell wall.

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9
Q

Coccus Bacteria

A

Round in shape

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10
Q

Arrangements of Cocci

A
  1. Diplococci (two)
  2. Streptococci (chain)
  3. Staphylococci (grape-like cluster)
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11
Q

Baccillus

A

Rod shape bacteria

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12
Q

Arrangement of Bacillus

A
  1. Single bacillus
  2. Diplobacilli (two)
  3. Streptobscilli (chain-like)
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13
Q

Spirilla

A

Spiral-like bacteria

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14
Q

Arrangements of Spirilla

A
  1. Vibrio (comma shaped)
  2. Spirillum (more rigid)
  3. Spirochete (flexible)
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15
Q

What structures are found in ALL bacteria?

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and nucleoid

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16
Q

Structures of a bacteria and their function: Cell Membrane/ Plasma Membrane

A

Essential.

  • Separates cytoplasm from external environment, and mediates the transport between the two
  • Keeps cytoplasmic proteins from leaking
  • Allows nutrients to enter
  • Maintains concentration gradients of ions and nutrients
  • Oxidative phosphorylation also takes place here
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17
Q

Structures of a bacteria and their function: Cytoplasm

A

Essential.

  • Gel-like and contains cell structures such as ribosomes, chromosomes, and plasmids
  • Cell growth
  • Metabolism
  • Replication
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18
Q

Structures of a bacteria and their function: Ribosomes

A

Essential.

  • In the cytoplasm
  • Translates mRNA to make proteins
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19
Q

Structures of a bacteria and their function: Nucleoid

A

Essential.

  • Region that contains the genetic material
  • DNA is not enclosed so the coils of DNA extend throughout the cytoplasm
  • Contains one chromosome and is circular in shape; attached to the membrane
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20
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

This is an extrachromosomal DNA that is not essential to the bacteria

They contain genes that are advantageous (such as help make toxins, pili, fimbrae, etc)

This can make cell more pathogenic or live in an environment that it normally not survive in

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21
Q

Structures of a bacteria and their function: Glycocalyx

A

Not essential.

  • Located outside the cell wall
  • Compassion of sugars, glycoproteins, or both
  • Helps prevent phagocytosis, protect cell from desiccation (drying), biofilm formation, and act as a source of nutrient
  • Bacteria becomes more vulnerable if stripped of this.
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22
Q

What are the two types of glycocalyx?

A
  1. Capsule
  2. Slime Layer
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23
Q

Glycocalyx: Capsule

A

Thicker and tightly attached

Highly organized and attached tightly to cells

Can help with attachment as it sticky; does not need specific receptors to be able to attach

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24
Q

Glycocalyx: Slime Layer

A

Not attached tight

Unorganized and can easily be washed off

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25
Q

Structures of a bacteria and their function: Pilus

A

Not essential.

  • Fewer in number and are at the poles of the cell; long
  • Made out of protein monomer called pilin
  • Can have a role in movement (Type IV)
  • More often involved in adherence to surfaces
  • F-pilus allow for transfer of DNA
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26
Q

Structures of a bacteria and their function: Fimbriae

A

Not essential.

  • Located at the surface of bacterial cells; short hair-like structure around the cell
  • They enable bacteria to bind to a specific receptor
  • Made up of protein monomer called pilin
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27
Q

What are all the layers a cell might have called?

A

Cell envelope

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28
Q

What is the cell membrane made up of?

A
  • Phospholipid bilayer
  • Proteins
    • Integral/ transmembrane (embedded in the whole bilayer)
    • Peripheral (located on the inner or outer surface of the bilayer)
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29
Q

T or F: The cell membrane has selective permeability

A

True

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30
Q

What are the functions of the bacterial membrane proteins?

A
  • Structural support
  • Detecting environmental signals
  • Secreting virulence factors and communication signals
  • Transport across the cell membrane
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31
Q

Label the hydrophobic and hydrophilic tail in the phospholipid bilayer

A
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32
Q

What is the phospholipid bilayer made up of?

A
  1. Glycerol
  2. Phosphorus
  3. Two fatty acid tails
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33
Q

Membrane Permeability

A
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34
Q

Factors that determine liquid bilayer permeability

A
  1. Size of solute/ molecule; larger molecules are harder to pass through
  2. Charge of solute/ molecule; Nonpolar/ charged/ hydrophobic
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35
Q

Passive Transport

A

Movement along a concentration gradient

No energy required

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36
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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37
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Solute moves with a transporter protein

If they are charged, then they need to a protein channel to travel from high concentration to low concentration

Still NO energy required

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38
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

Water follows the solute, so wherever the solute is high the water follows

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39
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

There is the same concentration of water and solutes inside and outside the cell; there is no change in the cell

This is he most desirable state

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40
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

A solution that contains more solute outside the cell

This causes water to move out the cell

The cell shrinks

No cell likes this

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41
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

A solution that contains more solutes inside the cell

This causes water to move inside the cell

The cell expands and can lyse (burst)

Plants and bacteria like this

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42
Q

Active Transport

A

Movement of solute against a concentration gradient

Move from an area of low concentration to high

Energy and transporter proteins are required

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43
Q

When do cells use active transport?

A

When the nutrient concentration is low in the environment

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44
Q

What are some substances that are actively transported?

A

Sugars, ions, and amino acids

45
Q

What is indirect active transport?

A

The use of energy from one gradient to drive transport up another gradient

Also known as coupled transport

46
Q

2 Types of Indirect Active Transport

(Coupled Transport)

A
  1. Symport
  2. Antiport
47
Q

Indirect Active Transport (Coupled Transport): Symport

A

When the two substances travel in the same direction across the membrane

Protons act as potential energy to pry open the gate

48
Q

Indirect Active Transport (Coupled Transport): Antiport

A

When two different substances are moved in opposite directions

A cell uses the movement of an ion across a membrane and down (from high to low) its concentration gradient to power the transporter of a second substance up against its gradient (from low to high)

49
Q

What is direct active transport?

A

Uses chemical energy such as ATP to transport solutes across a membrane against their concentration gradient (low to high)

50
Q

Direct Active Transport: ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC Transporters)

A

The substrate binding protein binds to a solute (which has a high affinity for it). The substrate binding protein then directs the solute to the channel protein.

Hydrolysis of ATP ADP+P yields the energy needed to open the channel allowing the solute to move up the concentration gradient and up the cell.

The transporter then returns to its resting state

51
Q

Influx ABC Transporters

A

Bring sugars, nutrients, and amino acids into the cell

52
Q

Efflux ABC Transporters

A

Expels waste products from the cell

53
Q

Siderophores

A

Tightly bind available iron (Fe3+) in the environment and bring the siderophore-iron complex to ABC transporters for movement across the membrane

Requires direct utilization of ATP

Iron is used for nutrients for bacteria

54
Q

What causes iron to be released into its usable form?

A

PH differences

55
Q

Structures of a bacteria and their function: Cell Wall

A

Not essential.

  • Semi-rigid structure present outside the plasma membrane; Surrounds the cell like a cage
  • Made of peptidoglycan
  • Responsible for the shape of the cell
  • Prevents the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment (osmotic lysis)
56
Q

What is peptidoglycan made of?

A

Made up of sugars and amino acids

Glycan chains cross-linked with peptides of 4 amino acids

Long chains consist of repairing units of NAG and NAM (glycan-backbone)

4 amino acids cross linked off of NAM (peptides)

57
Q

NAG and NAM are modifications of _________

A

Glucose

58
Q

Gram-Positive Cell Envelope

A

Thick cell wall, multiple layers of peptidoglycan

Think: an open sandwich with a think layer of meat

59
Q

What is teichoic acids made of?

A

Alcohol and phosphate

60
Q

What is the function of teichoic acids?

A

Rope like structure that holds all the layers of the gram positive (thick) cell wall together and anchors the inner membrane

Helps further stabilized the cell wall

61
Q

Gram-Negative Cell Envelope

A

Thin cell wall, single layer of peptidoglycan, enclosed by an outer membrane

Think a closed sandwich with a thin slice of cheese in between the bread

62
Q

What is the inner membrane made of?

A

Phospholipid Bilayer

2 fatty acids

1 phosphorus

Hydrophilic head

Hydrophobic tail

63
Q

What is the outer membrane made of in a gram-negative cell wall?

A

LPS (Lipopolysaccharide); outer part of membrane

Phospholipids; inner part of the membrane

64
Q

What is the structure of LPS?

A
  • 2 sugars; 6 lipid tails
    • Lipid A/ Endotoxin
  • Chain of sugars off a sugar called Core Polysaccharide
    • 10-40 sugars
  • O-Polysaccharide/ O-Antigen off the chain of sugars
    • Highly variable (up to 200 sugars)
65
Q

What is the function of lipoproteins in gram negative cell walls?

A

It anchors the outer member to the cell wall

66
Q

What method of transport does the outer membrane of a gram negative cell wall use?

A

Passive transport

It helps the transport of protein

67
Q

What is a porin?

A

This is the outer membrane transporter which helps bring in sugars and peptides through passive transport

68
Q

Our bodies make antibodies against _________

A

O-Antigens

69
Q

What is an endotoxin?

A

A component of LPS that is extremely toxic to the host

70
Q

Mycoplasmas

A

Lack a cell wall; no peptidoglycan

Changes shape a lot due to the lack of a cell wall

Sterols (cholesterol) in plasam membrane

71
Q

Acid- Fast Cell Walls

A

Like gram-positive cell walls, but their envelopes are exceptionally thick and complex

Thick peptidoglycan

Sugar layer

Mycolic acid is waxy and very thick (not permeable, so tend to me slow growing since nutrients can’t get in); bound to peptidoglycan

Antibiotics are also hard to penetrate through them bc of this thick mycolic acid layer

72
Q

How do antibiotics such as pencillinan and vancomycin work?

A

They work by preventing cross linking of peptides

Breaks down the peptidoglycan (cell wall)

73
Q

Why does the cell need enzymes?

A
  1. make special sugars
  2. build peptides
  3. seal crosssbridges
74
Q

What does the enzyme lysozyme do?

A

This is produced in almost every secretion in us and helps break down glycan chains

75
Q

What does widespread use of antibiotics cause?

A

Evolution of antibiotic resistant strains

76
Q

Flagella

A

Not essential, but advantage to have

  • Rotary flagella enable motility and chemotaxis
  • Made up of chains of flagellin protein
77
Q

What does flagella help enhance?

A

The virulence aka the severity of the disease

78
Q

Structure of the flagella

A

3 parts

  1. Filament
  2. Protein Hook
  3. Basel Body
    1. Rings
    2. Rod
79
Q

Function of the filament in flagella

A

This is the part that we see

80
Q

Function of the protein hook in flagella

A

Helps anchor filament to the cell

81
Q

Function of the ring in the basal body

A

This helps rotate the cell

82
Q

Function of the rod in flagella

A

This also acts as an anchor

83
Q

How does the flagella move?

A

The flagella SPINS the whole cell

84
Q

Gram Positive Flagellum Structure

A

1 single rod

2 rings

85
Q

Gram Negative Flagellum Structure

A

1 single rod

4 rings

86
Q

How are the flagella rings powered?

A

By a proton (ion) gradient

87
Q

Endoflagella

A

Wraps around the cell body when surround by sheath

Flagella is present beneath an outer sheath and spiral around the cell

Flagella is anchored at one end of a cell

Moves in a twitchy fashion

88
Q

Where is endoflagella present?

A

In a group of bacteria called Spirochetes

89
Q

Motile Cells

A

Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis)

90
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

directed motion of an organism toward attractive environment or away from repellent surroundings

91
Q

Attractants is what type of chemotaxis?

(positive or negative)

A

Positive

92
Q

Repellents is what type of chemotaxis?

(positive or negative)

A

Negative

93
Q

Anti/counter clockwise rotation of flagella causes it to move __________

A

Forward (swim)

94
Q

Clockwise rotation of flagella causes it to ____________

A

Turn and change direction

Tumble

95
Q

Thylakoids

A

Photosynthetic bacteria capture light with extensively folded intracellular membranes

Absorb the light and convert it to chemical energy as needed

Folds ensure that you have the energy needed to carry out photosynthesis

96
Q

Gas Vesicles

A

Aquatic phototrophs use gas vesicles to increase buoyancy

Makes bacteria cell buoyant so its on the surface, near sunlight.

Trap and collect carbon dioxide and hydrogen produced by the cell’s metabolism

97
Q

Storage Granules

A

Store energy such as glycogen or PHA

Variable depending on the type of bacteria

98
Q

Sulfer Granules

A

Deposits of solid sulfur within the cytoplasm

Bacteria basically eats the rocks and the sulfur found in them is stored in the cytoplasm

Sulfer helps the cells avoid predation

99
Q

Magnetosomes

A

Microscopic membrane-enclosed crystals of magnetite

Magnetite helps orient the cell based on the magnetic field of the environment

100
Q

Multidrug resistance is most often found in bacteria that contain_______

A

Efflux Transporters

It helps microbes expel antibiotics which makes it multi drug resistant

101
Q

Which cell walls (gram positive or gram negative) are more susceptible to penicillin and why?

A

Gram positive cell walls are more susceptible because antibiotic target the peptidoglycan in cell walls, and that is vital for the function of a gram positive cell. A gram negative cell wall has an outer membrane to help protect it.

102
Q

What happens if you give an antibiotic treatment to a LPS-containing treatment?

A

It does kill the cells, but it can also cause a reaction that kills the patient

103
Q

T or F: Bacterial cells grow and divide as a continuous process

A

True

104
Q

Order of cellular components that make up a bacterial cell’s total weight from most to least

A

Water

Proteins

Lipids

DNA

Inorganic ions

105
Q

Oxygen passes through the membrane by

A

simple diffusion

passive transport

106
Q

Endospores

A

Heat and chemical resistant dormant structures

107
Q

Is E. coli gram positive or gram negative?

A

Gram negative

108
Q

Is streptococcus gram positive or gram negative?

A

Gram positive

109
Q

Is staphylococcus gram positive or gram negative?

A

Gram positive

Microbiology (7 decks)

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