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Microbiology > Unit 1: Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Unit 1: Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of Infectious Disease Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Is E. Coli a disease causing organism?

A

Yes and no.

  • E. Coli k12*- Part of your normal microbiome
  • E. Coli 0157-* Pathogenic (disease causing)

It basically depends where on your body it is. If K12 were to get in your digestive tract or urinary tract, then it can be bad despite is always be a part of your normal microbiome. On the latter end, despite 0157 being pathogenic, if it were to be on your hands, then it is not bad, but as soon as it gets somewhere its not supposed to be, then it can be bad.

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2
Q

What is a collection of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes usually colonizing our bodies, but not causing any harm?

A

Normal Microbiota

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3
Q

T or F: Most of our body is human cells

A

False; most of our body is microbial

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4
Q

What is mutualism?

A

A relationship in which both the community members and host benefit

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5
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Any bacterium, virus, fungus, protozoan, or worm (helminth) that causes disease

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6
Q

Pathogenicity is the ability of an organism to cause disease.

What does this depend on?

A
  • genetic makeup of host and pathogen
  • location in/ on the host’s body
  • host immune response
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7
Q

Primary Pathogens

A

Due to their structures in them, they are able to breach defenses of a completly healthy host

Ex. E. Coli 0157

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8
Q

Opportunistic Pathogens

A

Are able to cause disease only in a compromised host

Like your microbiome; if it ends up in the wrong place or your immune system is compromised, then it can cause disease

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9
Q

Latent State

A

Organism is within the host, but cannot be detected by culture; its hiding in your body until your immune system is compromised

Ex. Herpes Virus

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10
Q

Parasite

A

Any organism that colonizes and harms its host

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11
Q

Ectoparasite

A

A parasite living outside the body of the host

Ex. bedbugs, lice, fleas, ticks, etc

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12
Q

Endoparasite

A

Parasites living on the inside of the body of the host

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13
Q

Infection

A

A pathogen or parasite that enters or begins to grow in/on a host.

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14
Q

Do all infections cause disease?

A

No. The virulence of the pathogen determies whether it’ll cause disease or not.

  • It does not imply overt disease
  • May go unnoticed
  • Is often temporary
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15
Q

Virulence

A

a measure of the degree of severity of disease

The smaller the # of virus particles it takes for a lethal dose/infectious dose, the more virulent it is.

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16
Q

Lethal Dose 50% (LD50)

A

The number of bacteria or virus particles required to kill 50% of an experimental group of animal hosts

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17
Q

Infectious Dose 50% (ID50)

A

The number of bacteria virus particles needed to cause disease symptoms in 50% of an experimental group of hosts

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18
Q

Invasion

A

The ability of some pathogens to actually enter and live inside a host CELL

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19
Q

Invasiveness

A

The ability of a bacterial pathogen to rapidly spread through tissue

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20
Q

What are the steps to cause disease?

A
  1. Entry
  2. Attachment
  3. Evade immune system
  4. Obtain nutrients
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21
Q

What are the portals of entry of a pathogen?

A
  • Fecal-oral
  • Skin
  • Respiratory
  • Irogenital
  • Parenteral
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22
Q

Portals of Entry for Pathogen: Fecal-Oral

A

Through musosal surfaces of GI tract

Has to survive HCL in stomach, but it still fairly common

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23
Q

Portals of Entry for Pathogen: Skin

A

Through epithelial surfaces

Very hard to enter on good health skin and is the least common way a pathogen enters

Once the skin is compromised, a pathogen can enter

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24
Q

Portals of Entry for Pathogen: Respiratory

A

Through mucosal surfaces of respiratory tract

The most common entry for pathogens

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25
Q

Portals of Entry for Pathogen: Urogenital

A

Through mucosal surfaces of genital and urinary tracts

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26
Q

Portals of Entry for Pathogen: Parenteral

A

Through injection into the bloodstream

Enters though compromised skin

Ex. insect bites; wounds/needle sticks

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27
Q

Attachment of a pathogen to a host

A

Pathogens attach via ADHESIONS; looks for weak points on or in cells to attach

Pathogens have adhesions that bind to specific host cell receptors that allow them to stay with the host; if there is a lack of receptors, then pathogens cannot attach; where you get infected depends where the receptors are

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28
Q

Colonization

A

Refers to the ability of the microbe to stay attached to the body surface and replicate

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29
Q

Determine Host Range

A

Ability of the pathogen to infect as few (narrow host range) or as many (broad host range) and produce disease

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30
Q

Immune Avoidance; Evade the immune system

A

Altered surface antigens; change the shape to confuse the immune system

Secreation of “all is well”

Signals apoptosis; secreate proteins that convince the immune system cells to kill themselves

This is when the pathogens tries to avoid the immune system so that it can cause infection or disease

31
Q

What nutrient is the pathogen wanting to obtain from the host?

A

Iron (Fe)

32
Q

What does a pathogen have that helps it obtain iron?

A

Sideophorso

This has a higher affinity for Fe and allows for it to steal iron from the host

33
Q

How does the host hide iron from the pathogen?

A

Hidden in hemoglobin; transferrin; binds free Fe to keep away from pathogens

Lactoferrin; found in breast milk; binds fee Fe to keep away from pathogens

34
Q

Anything that ends with _________ helps keep iron (Fe) away from the pathogen

A

-ferrin

35
Q

Disease

A

Disruption of the normal structure or function of any body part, organ, or system that can be recognized by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs

Ex. Diabetes, cancer, CHF, Alzheimer’s, etc

36
Q

Infectious Disease

A

A disease caused by a microorganism that can be transferred from one host to another

Something caused by a pathogen

Ex. Flu, COVID, measles, strep throat, etc

37
Q

Stages of an Infectious disease

A
  1. Incubation phase
  2. Prodromal phase
  3. Illness phase
  4. Decline phase
  5. Convalescent phase
  6. Long term
38
Q

Stages of an Infectious disease: Incubation Period

A

Time after the microbe first infects a host, but before the signs of a disease

At this point, you and your immune system doesn’t know you are sick yet

39
Q

Stages of an Infectious disease: Prodromal Phase

A

The short period of vague symptoms and malaise; can serve as a warning of more symptoms to come, but may not be noticed

At this point, you begin to not “feel right”; this phase doesn’t always happen with all diseases

40
Q

Stages of an Infectious disease: Illness Phase

A

Typical symptoms and signs of the disease appear and fever may be present

41
Q

What is acme?

A

This is the point where the disease is most severe

The PEAK of the illness

42
Q

Stages of an Infectious disease: Decline

A

Symptoms begin to subside; fever is resolved

43
Q

Host factors in disease

A
  1. Age; very young or very old most susceptible
  2. Host Genetic Makeup; host receptos to which bacteria and virus bind
  3. Host Hygiene and Behavior
  4. Nutrition and Exercise
  5. Underlying Non-Infectious Diseases or Conditions; genetic defects in immune system, chronic infections, diabetes, alcohol use, cancer, etc
  6. Occupation; healthcare works, lab personnel, hunters, etc
  7. Immune Status and Immunopathogenesis; immune respnse to pathogen, immunosuppressant drugs
44
Q

Stages of an Infectious disease: Convalescence

A

Period after symptoms disappear and the patient recovers

The pathogen is not completely out of the hosts system, but the body begins do more repairing than anything

45
Q

Stages of an Infectious disease: Long Term

A

Adaptive immune system fights off that same pathogen if it enters again in the future

46
Q

Sign vs. Symptom

A

A SIGN is something that can be observed by a person examining a patient (ie. running nose, rash, etc)

A SYMPTOM is something that can only be felt by the patient (ie. pain, fatigue, etc)

47
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

A collection of signs and symptoms that occur together and signify a particular disease or infection

48
Q

What is the infection cycle?

A

The route of transmission an organism takes to infect additional hosts

49
Q

Direct Contact Transmission of a Disease

A

Organisms that spread from person to person

50
Q

What are the 2 types of direct contact transmission?

A
  1. Horizontal; from person to person via droplets, sexual intercourse, etc or from animal to person
  2. Vertical; from mother to child
51
Q

What is indirect transmission?

A

It is when organisms spread indirectly through intermediary, which may be living or non-living

52
Q

What are the two types of non-living (vehicle) ways of indirect transmission?

A
  1. Formite; any inanimate object (ie. you sneeze on your hand, then touch a door knob and spread)
  2. Medium; food, water, air
53
Q

What is the living way that microbes may be spread indirectly?

A

Vector

This is things like ticks, mosquitos, etc (insects)

54
Q

What is a mechanical vector?

A

It is an indirect way to transmit disease by landing on contaminated material and then carrying any pathogens present to a living host such as a human, animal, or food

55
Q

What is the reservoir of infection?

A

Any environment (living or non-living) where you can find the pathogen

56
Q

What is a carrier?

A

A person who harbors a potential disease agent, but does not have any signs or symptoms of disease; can transmit

57
Q

Zoonotic Diseases

A

Infections that normalt afflict animals, but can be transmitted to humans; can affect humans through accidental transmission

Typically contracted after encountering the animal reservoir (ex. bubonic plague, Lyme disease, rabies, etc)

58
Q

What is an endemic?

A

A disease that is always present in a community and seen at a low rate; often harbored in an animal reservoir

Seen all the time, but in low numbers

59
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

When there are many cases developing in a short time

Big spike for a short period of time

60
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

An epidemic that spreads worldwide

Ex. flu, bubonic plague, HIV, covid

61
Q

Biosafety Groups

A

Groups ranked by the severity of the diseases and ease of transmission

62
Q

Biosafety Groups: Group I

A

Little to no pathogenic potential

Generally doesn’t cause disease unless you were to be severely immune compromised

Standard sterile techniques and lab practices

63
Q

Biosafety Groups: Group II

A

Greater pathogenic portional, but vaccines and treatments are readily available

Can be severe especially in immunocomporused people, but there is treatment for it

Use biolaminar flow cabinets during experiments and try to limit access in and out of the lab

64
Q

Biosafety Groups: Group III

A

Serious or lethal human disease for which vaccines and treatments may be available

Use of negative pressure rooms (only air can flow in), regulated access in the lab and may use double door air locks

65
Q

Biosafety Groups: Group IV

A

Extremely dangerous pathogens for which no treatments or vaccines are available

There is a whole separate facility for level 4 pathogens. Positive pressure suits are used so that contaminates are blown away from the person and are unable to get in.

66
Q

Are all infectious diseases known to us?

A

No; there are new diseases which are continually emerging or re-emerging

67
Q

What is an emerging diseases?

A

Any pathogen that has not been seen in the past, or might have been seen in the past, but in very small populations

Ex. ebola, covid, etc.

68
Q

What is a re-emerging disease?

A

A pathogen that has been seen in the past, numbers went down, and then it comes backs.

Ex. measles, whooping cough, etc

69
Q

What is deforestation and urban sprawl doing?

A

It is creating breeding areas for mosquitos and is bringing humans closer to disease reservoirs and vectors

70
Q

How does temperature changes and/or drought or excessive rain further the spread of certain pathogens?

A

It further the spread of certain pathogens bu affecting the geographic distribution of insect and other animal vectors.

71
Q

Morbidity

A

The existence of a disease state and the rate of incidence of the disease

72
Q

Incidence

A

The new cases of the disease that develops during the course of the year

73
Q

Mortality

A

A measure of how many patients have died from disease

Microbiology (7 decks)

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