UNIT 2 CH 12 & 13 Flashcards
physical activity
any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscles that substantially increases energy expenditure
is physical activity difficult to measure
to measure precisely
physical fitness
an attained set of attributes that relates to the ability to perform physical activity
can physical fitness be measured
accurately and precisely
what influences physical fitness
inherited factors and volitional increases in physical activity
is physical fitness readily measurable in large epidemiological studies
no
why is physical fitness relationship steeper than physical activity
measurement error in physical activity studies
what should public health initiatives target
physical activity because that will increase physical fitness levels
aerobics center longitudinal study
prospective observational study of physical activity, physical fitness, and health outcomes among men and women
ACLS who and what
10,000 men and 3,000 women followed 8 years for all cause mortality in relation to initial level of cardiorespiratory fitness
harvard alumni study
prospective observational study
harvard alumni study
who
17,000 men
where does strongest evidence of changes in physical activity or fitness and all-cause mortality
from studies of physical activity or fitness changes over time and their relationship with mortality
is it easy or difficult to demonstrate changes in actual risk of disease caused by changes in physical activity levels
difficult
what are the minimum requirements for studying change in physical activity or fitness and all-cause mortality
assessment of physical activity or fitness twice separated by a significant period of time, along with a subsequent follow-up period for ascertainment of mortality
what is the most studied chronic disease in relation to physical fitness/activity
coronary heart disease
cardioprotective
physical activity
proartherogenic
inacitivity
what is the primary prevention of CVD and stroke
regular physical activity
is physical activity a modifiable or fixed risk in CVD
major modifiable risk
what is relative risk of CHD in sedentary versus active occupations
1.4 times greater
what is relative risk of CHD for low versus high nonoccupational physical activity
1.6 times greater
does physical inactivity increase risk of stroke
yes
physicians’ health study
inverse trend between physical activity and total stroke incidence
relationship stronger for hemorrhagic stroke than for ischemic
what is the relationship for physical fitness/activity and hypertension
inverse
can exercise training lower resting blood pressure
yes
what does greater levels of physical activity result in for type 2 diabetes
lower risk for development
what type of cancer has the most protective effect from physical activity
colon and breast
colon cancer sedentary lifestyle
linked to an increased risk of colon cancer in men and women
breast cancer physical activity
reduces the risk of breast cancer following a dose- response pattern
does higher levels of musculoskeletal fitness have high or lower mortality
lower
physical fitness/activity and risk of premature mortality and chronic disease have what type of relationship
inverse
how can individuals change their risk of chronic disease or premature mortality
changing their level of physical acitivity
energy expenditure division
non-exercise activity thermogenesis
voluntary physical activity
NEAT
non-exercise activity thermogenesis
what can moderate intensity lifestyle physical activities contribute
to health similar to structured exercise
4 reasons to measure physical activity levels
direct relationship with disease endpoints
indirect relationship with disease through the effects of activity on diet or body weight
ability to study physical activity patterns, determinants, and barriers in different groups
to evaluate physical activity interventions
what days of the week should physical activity assessment method include
both week days and weekends
what should physical activity assessments use
reliable and valid assessment methods
reliable
reproducible, giving the same results for a given amount of physical activity
valid
accurately measures what it is intended to measure
questionnaires
range from single question to highly detailed
diaries
range from simple to highly detailed
activitygram
detailed minute by minute account of activity
pedometers
detect vertical accelerations of the body and record a step when vertical acceleration exceeds a threshold value
are pedometers accurate for recording the number of steps taken and distance walked
yes
is a pedometer more reliable for slow or fast paced walking
fast
is accuracy different by type of walking or running surface
no
what is more accurate step count of kilo-calorie estimates
step count
2 problems with pedometers
decreased sensitivity if tilted away from vertical plane
ankle devise is senstive enough to detect frail, slow, shuffling steps
if obese will a pedometer have trouble recording steps
if belt is tilted
what kind of pedometer overcomes tilting problems
piezoelectric
accelerometers
measure movement based on acceleration and deceleration of the body
where can an accelerometer be worn
trunk of limbs
what is the meaurement of accelerometer
proportional to muscular force
what are most results from a accelerometers
proportion to energy expenditure
what is an accelerometer used for
to ascertain time, frequency, and duration of physical fitness activity performed at various intensities
3 advantages of accelerometers
small size and ability to record data over long periods of time
ability to download data and to segment physical activity time periods
same accelerometer can be worn repeatedly by different participants
4 limitations of accelerometeres
requires more time and resources than pedometer
single-plane models may not accurately detect movement from activities such as bicycling, weightlifting, or swimming
unable to detect increased activity levels resulting from upper body movement, carrying load, or surface change
equations that estimate energy expenditure may not apply to free-living situations
what is HR related to VO2 during submaximal aerobic activites
linearly
what is HR monitoring good for
assessment of physical activity
practical way to estimate energy expenditure
able to store date
2 limitation of HR monitor
HR is increased by temp, humidity, and high altitudes
emotional state, hydration, type of contraction, and amount of muscle mass recruited will affect HR independent of physical activity level
what can GPS provide
accurate assessment of speed, ranging from slow to fast walking
what can GPS not be used for
stationary activity
how should you choose a method
most appropriate to achieve your purpose
what should you weigh the cost of assessment to
quality of data obtained
what can a combination of physical activity assessments provide
most accurate estimate of physical activity
