Unit 2 (Cell structure and function)

Question 1

Amount of surface area on the cell affects what ability?

Answer 1

The ability to get material in and out of the cell

Question 2

A large cell requires more of what compared to a smaller cell?

Answer 2

nutrients

Question 3

A large cell creates more of what compared to a smaller cell?

Answer 3

waste

Question 4

The volume of a cell represents what?

Answer 4

The amount of needs the cell has

Question 5

How do cells ensure they have adequate surface area to volume ratios?

Answer 5

cell division

Question 6

Cells that specialize in absorption have modifications. What are these modifications and why do they have them?

Answer 6

• Greatly increase surface area (increases area where things can go through the cell wall)
• ie microvili, cillia

Question 7

What Makes up the plasma membrane?

Answer 7

phospholipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded.

glycoproteins,glycolipids,cholesterol

Question 8

What is the function of the plasma membrane

Answer 8

• surrounds cell to enclose cell parts from external environment
• regulates movement of materials in our out of the cell
• structural framework

Question 9

Function of glycolipid and glycoprotein

Answer 9

cell recognition (marker for recognition)

Question 10

Function of the phospholipids

Answer 10

• framework to hold proteins

- keeps general structure of the cell

Question 11

Structure of the plasma membrane

Answer 11

• phospholipid bilayer
• loosely attracted/ fluid
• proteins interspersed within bilayer

Question 12

Function of carrier Proteins

Answer 12

combine and transfer across membrane

Question 13

Function of channel proteins

Answer 13

Allows specific types of molecules to cross membrane freely

Question 14

Function of receptor proteins

Answer 14

binds shape specific molecules for cellular activity

Question 15

Function of enzymatic proteins

Answer 15

speeds specific cellular rX

Question 16

Function of recognition marker proteins

Answer 16

identifies specific cells

Question 17

What is osmosis

Answer 17

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Question 18

Which way does water move during osmosis

Answer 18

from an area of low solute to an area of high solute

Question 19

what is osmotic pressure

Answer 19

force required to prevent water from moving cross a membrane by osmosis

Question 20

what is a hypotonic solution

Answer 20

low solute concentration

Question 21

what happens to a cell that is in a hypotonic solution

Answer 21

gains water

Question 22

What is a hypertonic solution

Answer 22

high solute concentration

Question 23

What happens to a cell that is in a hypertonic solution

Answer 23

looses water

Question 24

What is an isotonic solution

Answer 24

equal concentration

Question 25

What happens to a cell that is in an isotonic solution

Answer 25

neither gains nor loses water

Question 26

Describe what happens during passive transport

Answer 26

- no atp required - goes with the concentrarion gradient - helps more more large, water soluabe molecules, or electrically charges molecules

Question 27

Describe what happens during active transport

Answer 27

- requires atp - travels against concentration gradient - the use of energy allows the cell to accumulate energy

Question 28

The use of energy during what allows the cell to accumulate energy

Answer 28

active transport

Question 29

what is endocytosis

Answer 29

large molecules transported into the cell by formation of a vesicle

Question 30

what is phagocytosis

Answer 30

endocytosis for large (food) particles who are cell engulfed, then fuses with lysosomes for digestion

Question 31

what type of things are engulfed during phagocytosis

Answer 31

food particles, large, cell debris, bacteria , solids

Question 32

What is pinocytosis

Answer 32

small vesicles form around small molecules dissolved in solution

Question 33

what type of things are engulfed during pinocytosis

Answer 33

liquids, small particles

Question 34

what is receptor mediated endocytosis

Answer 34

receptor proteins recognize and bind with certain specific vesicles around small molecules dissolved in solution

Question 35

What is exocytosis

Answer 35

cellular secretions build up in vesicles, and then secretory vesicles fuse with plasma membranes and expel contents

Question 36

What is an organelle

Answer 36

small specialized structures with specific functions

Question 37

Describe the structure of the nucleus

Answer 37

inside a double membrane, contains dna, pores, outer nuclear membrane connects to endoplasmic reticulum

Question 38

what contains uncoiled chromatin

Answer 38

nucluas

Question 39

what if the function of the the pores in the nucleas membrane

Answer 39

allow passage of rna and proteins | in hormones and building blocks, out rna

Question 40

what is the nucleas' membrane attached to

Answer 40

connects to endoplasmic reticulum canal system

Question 41

what fluid is inside the nucleas

Answer 41

nucleoplasm fluid

Question 42

what is inside the nuclear envelope

Answer 42

nucleas, nucleoplasm,

Question 43

what is chromatin

Answer 43

dna complexed with protein | produces rna

Question 44

what does chromatin do during cell division

Answer 44

condences into pairs of chromosomes

Question 45

what is the nucleolus

Answer 45

densely packed rns inside nucleas

Question 46

what does the nucleolus do

Answer 46

stores components to form ribosomes

Question 47

Describe the Endoplasmic recticulum

Answer 47

membrane channels extended out from nuclear envelope throughout cytoplasm both rough and smooth

Question 48

Describe rough ER

Answer 48

attached to ribosomes | manufacture proteins

Question 49

where are proteins synthesized before being transported to Golgi

Answer 49

ribosomes, rough ER

Question 50

Describe smooth ER

Answer 50

manufacture of lipids (phospholipids and steroids) converts glycogen to glucose in liver cells

Question 51

what converts glycogen to glucose in liver cells

Answer 51

smooth ER

Question 52

Where are lots of smooth ER found

Answer 52

muscles, liver

Question 53

Describe mitochondria

Answer 53

double membrane, inside highly folded

Question 54

what is cristae

Answer 54

infoldings of inner membrane of mitochondria

Question 55

what is matrix

Answer 55

substance located in space formed by inner membrane in mitochondria

Question 56

Function of mitochondria

Answer 56

``` cellular respiration (glucose + 02= CO2 + H2O + ATP ```

Question 57

what has its own dna to code for its own proteins and functions

Answer 57

mitochondria

Question 58

describe the structure of the Golgi

Answer 58

flattened membrane sacs stacked on eachother (like pancakes)

Question 59

what is blebbing

Answer 59

when tiny membrane-enclosed packaging vesicles pinch off edges off of the Golgi sacs

Question 60

what does the Golgi body do

Answer 60

packages materials in vesicles

Question 61

what is the function of the vesicles forms in Golgi

Answer 61

distribute materials within cells or to surface for exocytosis

Question 62

What is a lysosome

Answer 62

vesicle with destructive enzymes

Question 63

where are lysosomes produces

Answer 63

Golgi

Question 64

what do lysosomes do

Answer 64

the enzymes break doen smaller molecules to diffuse through the cell

Question 65

What are the two types of lysosomes

Answer 65

peroxisomes | proteasosomes

Question 66

describe peroxisomes

Answer 66

break down fatty acids and amino acids | created hyderogen peroxide

Question 67

describe proteasosomes

Answer 67

consists of large protein complexes | break down and recycle proteins in cell

Question 68

what are proteolytic enzymes

Answer 68

enzymes that break down proteins

Question 69

what are the enzymes that break down proteins

Answer 69

proteolytic enzymes

Question 70

what is the structure of ribosomes

Answer 70

large and small subunits of ribosomal rna and proteins

Question 71

what are polysosomes

Answer 71

chains of ribosomes, free in cytoplasm

Question 72

where can ribosomes be found

Answer 72

on the Er or freely in cytoplasm

Question 73

What is the main function of ribosomes

Answer 73

site of protein synthesis

Question 74

where do the proteins formed in the ribosomes attached to the ER go?

Answer 74

they are shipped out of the cell

Question 75

where do the proteins formed in the free ribosomes go

Answer 75

they are used within the cell

Question 76

what is a vacuole

Answer 76

membrane covered sac that is filled with water or chemicals

Question 77

function of vacuole in plant cells

Answer 77

created turgor pressure for faster diffusion to/from organelles

Question 78

function of vacuole in animal cells

Answer 78

temporary storage of food/water, temperature regulation