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Biology 12 > Unit 2 (Cell structure and function) > Flashcards

Unit 2 (Cell structure and function) Flashcards

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1
Q

Amount of surface area on the cell affects what ability?

A

The ability to get material in and out of the cell

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2
Q

A large cell requires more of what compared to a smaller cell?

A

nutrients

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3
Q

A large cell creates more of what compared to a smaller cell?

A

waste

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4
Q

The volume of a cell represents what?

A

The amount of needs the cell has

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5
Q

How do cells ensure they have adequate surface area to volume ratios?

A

cell division

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6
Q

Cells that specialize in absorption have modifications. What are these modifications and why do they have them?

A
  • Greatly increase surface area (increases area where things can go through the cell wall)
  • ie microvili, cillia
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7
Q

What Makes up the plasma membrane?

A

phospholipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded.

glycoproteins,glycolipids,cholesterol

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8
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane

A
  • surrounds cell to enclose cell parts from external environment
  • regulates movement of materials in our out of the cell
  • structural framework
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9
Q

Function of glycolipid and glycoprotein

A

cell recognition (marker for recognition)

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10
Q

Function of the phospholipids

A
  • framework to hold proteins

- keeps general structure of the cell

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11
Q

Structure of the plasma membrane

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • loosely attracted/ fluid
  • proteins interspersed within bilayer
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12
Q

Function of carrier Proteins

A

combine and transfer across membrane

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13
Q

Function of channel proteins

A

Allows specific types of molecules to cross membrane freely

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14
Q

Function of receptor proteins

A

binds shape specific molecules for cellular activity

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15
Q

Function of enzymatic proteins

A

speeds specific cellular rX

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16
Q

Function of recognition marker proteins

A

identifies specific cells

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17
Q

What is osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

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18
Q

Which way does water move during osmosis

A

from an area of low solute to an area of high solute

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19
Q

what is osmotic pressure

A

force required to prevent water from moving cross a membrane by osmosis

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20
Q

what is a hypotonic solution

A

low solute concentration

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21
Q

what happens to a cell that is in a hypotonic solution

A

gains water

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22
Q

What is a hypertonic solution

A

high solute concentration

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23
Q

What happens to a cell that is in a hypertonic solution

A

looses water

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24
Q

What is an isotonic solution

A

equal concentration

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25
Q

What happens to a cell that is in an isotonic solution

A

neither gains nor loses water

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26
Q

Describe what happens during passive transport

A
  • no atp required
  • goes with the concentrarion gradient
  • helps more more large, water soluabe molecules, or electrically charges molecules
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27
Q

Describe what happens during active transport

A
  • requires atp
  • travels against concentration gradient
  • the use of energy allows the cell to accumulate energy
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28
Q

The use of energy during what allows the cell to accumulate energy

A

active transport

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29
Q

what is endocytosis

A

large molecules transported into the cell by formation of a vesicle

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30
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

endocytosis for large (food) particles who are cell engulfed, then fuses with lysosomes for digestion

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31
Q

what type of things are engulfed during phagocytosis

A

food particles, large, cell debris, bacteria , solids

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32
Q

What is pinocytosis

A

small vesicles form around small molecules dissolved in solution

33
Q

what type of things are engulfed during pinocytosis

A

liquids, small particles

34
Q

what is receptor mediated endocytosis

A

receptor proteins recognize and bind with certain specific vesicles around small molecules dissolved in solution

35
Q

What is exocytosis

A

cellular secretions build up in vesicles, and then secretory vesicles fuse with plasma membranes and expel contents

36
Q

What is an organelle

A

small specialized structures with specific functions

37
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus

A

inside a double membrane, contains dna, pores, outer nuclear membrane connects to endoplasmic reticulum

38
Q

what contains uncoiled chromatin

A

nucluas

39
Q

what if the function of the the pores in the nucleas membrane

A

allow passage of rna and proteins

in hormones and building blocks, out rna

40
Q

what is the nucleas’ membrane attached to

A

connects to endoplasmic reticulum canal system

41
Q

what fluid is inside the nucleas

A

nucleoplasm fluid

42
Q

what is inside the nuclear envelope

A

nucleas, nucleoplasm,

43
Q

what is chromatin

A

dna complexed with protein

produces rna

44
Q

what does chromatin do during cell division

A

condences into pairs of chromosomes

45
Q

what is the nucleolus

A

densely packed rns inside nucleas

46
Q

what does the nucleolus do

A

stores components to form ribosomes

47
Q

Describe the Endoplasmic recticulum

A

membrane channels extended out from nuclear envelope throughout cytoplasm
both rough and smooth

48
Q

Describe rough ER

A

attached to ribosomes

manufacture proteins

49
Q

where are proteins synthesized before being transported to Golgi

A

ribosomes, rough ER

50
Q

Describe smooth ER

A

manufacture of lipids
(phospholipids and steroids)
converts glycogen to glucose in liver cells

51
Q

what converts glycogen to glucose in liver cells

A

smooth ER

52
Q

Where are lots of smooth ER found

A

muscles, liver

53
Q

Describe mitochondria

A

double membrane, inside highly folded

54
Q

what is cristae

A

infoldings of inner membrane of mitochondria

55
Q

what is matrix

A

substance located in space formed by inner membrane in mitochondria

56
Q

Function of mitochondria

A 
cellular respiration 
(glucose + 02= CO2 + H2O + ATP
57
Q

what has its own dna to code for its own proteins and functions

A

mitochondria

58
Q

describe the structure of the Golgi

A

flattened membrane sacs stacked on eachother (like pancakes)

59
Q

what is blebbing

A

when tiny membrane-enclosed packaging vesicles pinch off edges off of the Golgi sacs

60
Q

what does the Golgi body do

A

packages materials in vesicles

61
Q

what is the function of the vesicles forms in Golgi

A

distribute materials within cells or to surface for exocytosis

62
Q

What is a lysosome

A

vesicle with destructive enzymes

63
Q

where are lysosomes produces

A

Golgi

64
Q

what do lysosomes do

A

the enzymes break doen smaller molecules to diffuse through the cell

65
Q

What are the two types of lysosomes

A

peroxisomes

proteasosomes

66
Q

describe peroxisomes

A

break down fatty acids and amino acids

created hyderogen peroxide

67
Q

describe proteasosomes

A

consists of large protein complexes

break down and recycle proteins in cell

68
Q

what are proteolytic enzymes

A

enzymes that break down proteins

69
Q

what are the enzymes that break down proteins

A

proteolytic enzymes

70
Q

what is the structure of ribosomes

A

large and small subunits of ribosomal rna and proteins

71
Q

what are polysosomes

A

chains of ribosomes, free in cytoplasm

72
Q

where can ribosomes be found

A

on the Er or freely in cytoplasm

73
Q

What is the main function of ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

74
Q

where do the proteins formed in the ribosomes attached to the ER go?

A

they are shipped out of the cell

75
Q

where do the proteins formed in the free ribosomes go

A

they are used within the cell

76
Q

what is a vacuole

A

membrane covered sac that is filled with water or chemicals

77
Q

function of vacuole in plant cells

A

created turgor pressure for faster diffusion to/from organelles

78
Q

function of vacuole in animal cells

A

temporary storage of food/water, temperature regulation

Biology 12 (8 decks)

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