Respiratory System

Question 1

Function of the nasal cavity

Answer 1

• cleans using cilia and mucus filter
• passage for air
• moistens air
• warms air (lined with capilaries)
• Smell
• Sound resonating chambers

Question 2

what is the pharynx

Answer 2

common opening for food and gasses

Question 3

list the three regions of the pharynx

Answer 3

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

Question 4

what is the nasopharynx

Answer 4

where mucus and debris is swallowed

Question 5

what is the oropharynx

Answer 5

part of the pharynx that comes from the oral cavity

Question 6

what is they laryngopharynx

Answer 6

part of the pharynx from the epiglottis to the esophagus

Question 7

What is the larynx

Answer 7

the open passage to the trachea

Question 8

describe the larynx

Answer 8

cricoid cartilage rings
epiglottis abd vestubular folds
vocal cords
ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 9

function of the epiglottis and vestibular folds

Answer 9

prevent debris getting into the glottis opening of larynx

Question 10

function of vocal cords

Answer 10

sound production
amplotude and frequency of vibration determines loudness and pitch
cartilage and muscles adjust length and tension

Question 11

function of ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cels

Answer 11

traps and sweeps debris up, preventing entry into lower respiratory tract

Question 12

what is the trachea

Answer 12

tube for air passage

Question 13

describe trachea

Answer 13

• connective tissue and smooth muscle
• supported by c-shaped cartillage rings
• inner lining: psudostratified ciliates columnar epothelium with goblet cells. mucus debris, debris push it up to larynx
• divides to form left and right primary bronchi

Question 14

What does the trachea divide into

Answer 14

two primary bronchi

Question 15

what do the two primary bronchi divide into

Answer 15

secondary bronchi

Question 16

what does the secondary bronchi turn into

Answer 16

teritary bronchi

Question 17

after teritary bronchi comes what

Answer 17

bronchioles

Question 18

what is the alveoli

Answer 18

respiratory zone (site for gas exchange)

Question 19

describe structure of alveoli

Answer 19

no cilia, debris removed by macrophages to lymph of bronchioles
one cell thick

Question 20

describe the three types of cells in alveolar membrane

Answer 20

• thin squamous epithelial cels
• secretory cells
• dust cells

Question 21

what is the function of squamous epitheliam cells

Answer 21

gas exchange

Question 22

what is the function of secretory cells

Answer 22

produce surfactant to lower surface tension

Question 23

what is surfactant

Answer 23

a lippoprotein

Question 24

What is the thoracic cavity

Answer 24

space enclosed by thoracic wall and diaphragm

Question 25

what does the thoracic walls include

Answer 25

thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilage, sternum, and intercostal muscles

Question 26

describe double pleura membranes

Answer 26

- enclose each lung - adheres lung to thoracic wall for expansion - filled with serous pleural fluid

Question 27

function of serous pleural fluid

Answer 27

lubricant for movement | adheres membrane together (helps alveoli open)

Question 28

describe how inspiration occurs

Answer 28

-diaphragm flattens down, contracts

Question 29

what is quiet inspiration

Answer 29

accounts for 2/3 of increase in size of thoracic volume

Question 30

function of intercostal muscles

Answer 30

elevate ribs to allow lateral expansion

Question 31

describe how expiration occurs

Answer 31

-relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals with contraction of abdominal muscles

Question 32

describe labored breathing

Answer 32

all inspiry muscles are active and contract more forcefully, and expiration is rapid

Question 33

how does breathing occur s

Answer 33

air moves from an area of high to low pressure | as volume gets larger (when diaphram contracts), then pressure in alveoli gets smaller

Question 34

is diaphragm contracts, do the alveoli get bigger or smaller

Answer 34

bigger (volume increases, pressure lowers, air flows through)

Question 35

what regulates ventilation

Answer 35

medulla oblongata

Question 36

what is external respiration

Answer 36

gas exchange between alveoli and pulmonary blood capillaries

Question 37

describe pressure in external expiration

Answer 37

pressure in pulmonary capillaries is greater than pressure in alveolar air (co2 diffusion)

Question 38

describe pressurein external inspiration

Answer 38

pressure in pulmonary capillaries is lower than alveolar air (o2 diffusion)

Question 39

describe pressure in internal expiration

Answer 39

pressure in systemic capillaries is lower than pressurein tussue fluid (co2 diffusion)

Question 40

Describe pressure in internal inspiration

Answer 40

pressure in systemic capillaries is greater than pressure in tissue fluid (o2 diffusion)

Question 41

shortened name of hemoglobin

Answer 41

hb

Question 42

name of hemoglobin when carrying oxygen

Answer 42

oxyhemoglobin

Question 43

formula for hemoglobin turning into oxyhemoglobin

Answer 43

hb+o2 = HbO2

Question 44

name of oxyhemoglobin when it looses oxygen

Answer 44

deoxyhemoglobin

Question 45

Why does hemoglobin carry H ions

Answer 45

to buffer

Question 46

name of hemoglobin when it carries CO2

Answer 46

carbaminohemoglobin

Question 47

how is most Co2 carried in the body

Answer 47

as bicarbonate ions (HCO3) that are dissolved in plasma

Question 48

equation of bicarbonate expiration

Answer 48

CO2 +H2O ---H2CO3--- H+ HCO3

Question 49

Increase in Co2 pressure causes what

Answer 49

decreases in pH and HbO2

Question 50

increase H ions (low pH) causes

Answer 50

decreases HbO2 | higher pH in lungs releases oxygen to blood

Question 51

Increased temperature causes:

Answer 51

decreased HbO2 | as metabolism goes up, more oxygen is released to the tissues

Question 52

iron + heme =

Answer 52

hemoglobin

Question 53

where does hb+O2= HbO2 happen and when

Answer 53

happens in the pulmonary capillaries when O2 diluted through

Question 54

where does HbO2= Hb+ O2 happen and when

Answer 54

happens in the body capillaries when the cells uptake the oxygen

Question 55

Where does Hb + Co2 = HbCO2 happen and why

Answer 55

in the body when the capillaries take in the co2 that the cells produce

Question 56

Where does hbCo2=Hb + Co2 happen

Answer 56

in the pulmonary capillaries when the hemoglobin releases the co2 to the alveoli for expiration

Question 57

name for HHB

Answer 57

reduced hemoglobin