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Biology 12 > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Apex

A

blunt, rounded point of heart cone

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2
Q

base

A

flat part at opposite end of cone as apex

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3
Q

where is the heart located (which cavity)

A

thoractic cavity

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4
Q

name the sac that surrounds heart

A

paricardium or pericardial sac

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5
Q

describe paricardial and paricardium sac

A

tough outer layer, inside layer continuous with pericardial cavity between them filled with pericardial fluid or lubrication

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6
Q

what is the purpose of the tough outer layer of paricardial sac

A

prevents over distention; acts as anchor

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7
Q

name the external anatomy vessels

A

superior vena cava, pulmonary trunk, aorta, pulmonary veins, right and left coronary arteries

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8
Q

where is the superior vena cava attached to on heart

A

right side of heart

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9
Q

where is the pulmonary trunk attached to on heart

A

right side of heart

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10
Q

where on the heart is the aorta attached to

A

left side of heart

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11
Q

where on the heart arethe pulmonary veins attached to

A

left side of heart

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12
Q

function of left and right coronary arteries

A

they exit aorta to supply oxygen and nutrients to heart cells

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13
Q

Name the four chambers of teh heart

A

atria (left, right), ventricles (left, right)

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14
Q

describe atria

A
  • the upper, thin walled chambers

-

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15
Q

function of the right atrium

A

recieves blood returning from body (vena cava, coronary veins)

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16
Q

function of the left atrium

A

recieves blood from pulmonary veins

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17
Q

descrive septum

A

internal wall that separates the two sides of the heart

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18
Q

describe ventricles

A

lower, thick, muscular chambers

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19
Q

function of right ventricle

A

pumps blood to pulmonary track

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20
Q

Function of left ventricle

A

pumps blood to aorta

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21
Q

name the three layers of tissue in the heart wall

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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22
Q

describe epocardium

A

smooth outer surface of heart

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23
Q

describe myocardium

A

middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cells and is responcible to heart contracting

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24
Q

describe endocardium

A

smooth inner surface of heart chambers

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25
Q

name the two types of valves found in the heart

A

atrioventricular valves, semi lunar valves

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26
Q

descruibe atrioventricular valves

A

between atrium and ventricle
leaf-like cusps attached by tendons
(right= tricuspis, left=bicuspid)

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27
Q

describe semilunar valves

A

between ventricles and vessels
cusp shaped
when cup is filled, valve is open

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28
Q

what is the name of the right semilunar valve

A

pulmonary

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29
Q

what is the name of the left semi lunar valve

A

atrial

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30
Q

another word for contraction

A

systole

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31
Q

word for relaxation of the heart

A

diastole

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32
Q

where does the first sound of the heart beat come from

A

av valves closing at the begining of ventricular systole

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33
Q

where does the second sound of the heart beat come from

A

closure of the semilunar valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole

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34
Q

what is intrisic regulation

A

normal contraction of heart is independant of nerve or hormonal stimulation

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35
Q

first step of intrisic regulation

A

sinoatrial node or pace maker initiates heat beat with impulse to atria

36
Q

what does the sinoatrial node do

A

it is the pace maker of the heart; initiated heart best with impulse to atria

37
Q

second step of intrisic regulation

A

atrioventricular node signals ventricular contraction vio purkinje fibres

38
Q

what signals the ventricles to contract

A

atrioventricular node via purkinje fibres

39
Q

what is extrinsic regulation of the heart

A

nervous and hormonal control that over rides intrisic regulation

40
Q

describe parasympathetic regulation

A

supplied by vague nerve
decreases heart rate
acetocholine is secreted

41
Q

what does parasympathetic regulation initiate

A

decreased heart rate

42
Q

what is secreated during parasympathetic regulation

A

acetocholyne

43
Q

descrie sympathetic stimulation

A

supplied by cardiac nerves
increases heart rate and force of contraction
epinephrine and norepinephrine released

44
Q

what does sympathetic regulation initiate

A

increased heart rate

45
Q

what is secreted by the adrenal medula during sympathetic regulation

A

epinepghrine and norepinephrine

46
Q

what is blood pressure measured with

A

sphygmomanometre

47
Q

what is the name of the highest pressure

A

systolic pressure

48
Q

what/when does systolic pressure happen

A

as ventricles contract to eject blood into aorta

49
Q

what is the lowest pressure called

A

diastolic pressure

50
Q

when does diastolic pressure happen

A

as ventricles relax

51
Q

where is diastiolicpressure lowest

A

in veins from the heart

52
Q

what is hypertension

A

above normal systolic or diastolic pressure

53
Q

what does hypertension lead to

A

increased stress on heart=heart attack
plaque build up
stroke

54
Q

what is hypotension

A

below normal pressure

55
Q

what does hypotenstion lead to

A

dizziness
fainting
shock

56
Q

describe the structure of arteries

A

thick, elastic, muscular

57
Q

what do arteries do

A

contract/dialate to regulate blood flow and pressure away from heart

58
Q

what is the inner layer of arteries

A

endothelium

59
Q

what is the opening of teh artery that blood flows through

A

lumen

60
Q

what is an arteriole

A

smaller branches of arteries which are connected to capillaries

61
Q

what are capilaries

A

branched network from arterioles to every tissue

sphincter muscles regulate/prevent blood flow to areas

62
Q

function of capillaries

A

to absorb and disperse nutrients/ waste

63
Q

why are capillaries so small

A 
diffusion
gas exchange
nutrients 
waste 
water
64
Q

describe the structure of veins

A

thin, less muscular than arteries

65
Q

what do the valves in veins do

A

ensure one way blood flow to the heart

66
Q

what do venules do

A

collect blood and join to form vein

hold approx 70% blood volume

67
Q

describe pulmonary circulation

A

curcules deoxygenated blood to lungs

68
Q

circut of pulmonary circulation

A

right ventricle-pulmonary trunk-divide into left and right pulmonary arteries-longs oxygenate-left atrium

69
Q

describe systemic circulation

A

oxygenated blood to all remaining body tissue

70
Q

what three parts does the aorta divide into as it exits left ventrivle

A

coronary artery
aortic arch
descending aorta

71
Q

where does the aortic arch lead to

A 
cortoted artery (head) 
renal artery, branchial artery (shoulder and arm)
72
Q

where does the decending aorta lead to

A 
hepatic artery (liver) 
renal artery(kidneys) 
mesentric artery (digestive tract) 
iliac, lower trunk, femoral (legs)
73
Q

what does the systemic system include

A

veins collecting deoxygenated blood from body tissues into superior and inferior vena cava

74
Q

name the veins in the systemic system

A 
jugular (head) 
coronary(heart)
iliac
mescentric
renal 
hepatic 
subclavian
75
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

general term for degeneration changes in arteries making them less elastic

76
Q

what causes ateriosclerosis

A

plaque build up on walls in arteries

77
Q

where is blood pressure and veocity highest

A

in aorta

78
Q

when does blood pressure and velocity decrease

A

as surface area in arteries increases

79
Q

where is blood velocity the lowest

A

in capillaries because of highest surface area

80
Q

what two forces affect oressure that is responcible for exchange

A
  • outward pressure of blood in capillaries

- inwars osmotic pressure of tissue fluid

81
Q

where does fluid (nutrients) move out of capillaries

A

near arterial end

82
Q

where does fluid (waste) move in to capillaries

A

near venous end

83
Q

describe mid capillary pressure

A

equal solutes diffuse down concentration gradient

84
Q

describe fetal circulation

A

no gas exchange in lungs

bypass pulmonary circuit with foramen ovule opening between atria

85
Q

if blood gets into pulmonary trunk in fetal circulation where does it go

A

it is shunted to aorta via arterial duct

86
Q

what does prolonged lower oxygen levels cause

A

increased heart rate, blood pressure

87
Q

effect of body temperature

A

heart rate increased

Biology 12 (8 decks)

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