Circulatory System

Question 1

Apex

Answer 1

blunt, rounded point of heart cone

Question 2

base

Answer 2

flat part at opposite end of cone as apex

Question 3

where is the heart located (which cavity)

Answer 3

thoractic cavity

Question 4

name the sac that surrounds heart

Answer 4

paricardium or pericardial sac

Question 5

describe paricardial and paricardium sac

Answer 5

tough outer layer, inside layer continuous with pericardial cavity between them filled with pericardial fluid or lubrication

Question 6

what is the purpose of the tough outer layer of paricardial sac

Answer 6

prevents over distention; acts as anchor

Question 7

name the external anatomy vessels

Answer 7

superior vena cava, pulmonary trunk, aorta, pulmonary veins, right and left coronary arteries

Question 8

where is the superior vena cava attached to on heart

Answer 8

right side of heart

Question 9

where is the pulmonary trunk attached to on heart

Answer 9

right side of heart

Question 10

where on the heart is the aorta attached to

Answer 10

left side of heart

Question 11

where on the heart arethe pulmonary veins attached to

Answer 11

left side of heart

Question 12

function of left and right coronary arteries

Answer 12

they exit aorta to supply oxygen and nutrients to heart cells

Question 13

Name the four chambers of teh heart

Answer 13

atria (left, right), ventricles (left, right)

Question 14

describe atria

Answer 14

• the upper, thin walled chambers

-

Question 15

function of the right atrium

Answer 15

recieves blood returning from body (vena cava, coronary veins)

Question 16

function of the left atrium

Answer 16

recieves blood from pulmonary veins

Question 17

descrive septum

Answer 17

internal wall that separates the two sides of the heart

Question 18

describe ventricles

Answer 18

lower, thick, muscular chambers

Question 19

function of right ventricle

Answer 19

pumps blood to pulmonary track

Question 20

Function of left ventricle

Answer 20

pumps blood to aorta

Question 21

name the three layers of tissue in the heart wall

Answer 21

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Question 22

describe epocardium

Answer 22

smooth outer surface of heart

Question 23

describe myocardium

Answer 23

middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cells and is responcible to heart contracting

Question 24

describe endocardium

Answer 24

smooth inner surface of heart chambers

Question 25

name the two types of valves found in the heart

Answer 25

atrioventricular valves, semi lunar valves

Question 26

descruibe atrioventricular valves

Answer 26

between atrium and ventricle leaf-like cusps attached by tendons (right= tricuspis, left=bicuspid)

Question 27

describe semilunar valves

Answer 27

between ventricles and vessels cusp shaped when cup is filled, valve is open

Question 28

what is the name of the right semilunar valve

Answer 28

pulmonary

Question 29

what is the name of the left semi lunar valve

Answer 29

atrial

Question 30

another word for contraction

Answer 30

systole

Question 31

word for relaxation of the heart

Answer 31

diastole

Question 32

where does the first sound of the heart beat come from

Answer 32

av valves closing at the begining of ventricular systole

Question 33

where does the second sound of the heart beat come from

Answer 33

closure of the semilunar valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole

Question 34

what is intrisic regulation

Answer 34

normal contraction of heart is independant of nerve or hormonal stimulation

Question 35

first step of intrisic regulation

Answer 35

sinoatrial node or pace maker initiates heat beat with impulse to atria

Question 36

what does the sinoatrial node do

Answer 36

it is the pace maker of the heart; initiated heart best with impulse to atria

Question 37

second step of intrisic regulation

Answer 37

atrioventricular node signals ventricular contraction vio purkinje fibres

Question 38

what signals the ventricles to contract

Answer 38

atrioventricular node via purkinje fibres

Question 39

what is extrinsic regulation of the heart

Answer 39

nervous and hormonal control that over rides intrisic regulation

Question 40

describe parasympathetic regulation

Answer 40

supplied by vague nerve decreases heart rate acetocholine is secreted

Question 41

what does parasympathetic regulation initiate

Answer 41

decreased heart rate

Question 42

what is secreated during parasympathetic regulation

Answer 42

acetocholyne

Question 43

descrie sympathetic stimulation

Answer 43

supplied by cardiac nerves increases heart rate and force of contraction epinephrine and norepinephrine released

Question 44

what does sympathetic regulation initiate

Answer 44

increased heart rate

Question 45

what is secreted by the adrenal medula during sympathetic regulation

Answer 45

epinepghrine and norepinephrine

Question 46

what is blood pressure measured with

Answer 46

sphygmomanometre

Question 47

what is the name of the highest pressure

Answer 47

systolic pressure

Question 48

what/when does systolic pressure happen

Answer 48

as ventricles contract to eject blood into aorta

Question 49

what is the lowest pressure called

Answer 49

diastolic pressure

Question 50

when does diastolic pressure happen

Answer 50

as ventricles relax

Question 51

where is diastiolicpressure lowest

Answer 51

in veins from the heart

Question 52

what is hypertension

Answer 52

above normal systolic or diastolic pressure

Question 53

what does hypertension lead to

Answer 53

increased stress on heart=heart attack plaque build up stroke

Question 54

what is hypotension

Answer 54

below normal pressure

Question 55

what does hypotenstion lead to

Answer 55

dizziness fainting shock

Question 56

describe the structure of arteries

Answer 56

thick, elastic, muscular

Question 57

what do arteries do

Answer 57

contract/dialate to regulate blood flow and pressure away from heart

Question 58

what is the inner layer of arteries

Answer 58

endothelium

Question 59

what is the opening of teh artery that blood flows through

Answer 59

lumen

Question 60

what is an arteriole

Answer 60

smaller branches of arteries which are connected to capillaries

Question 61

what are capilaries

Answer 61

branched network from arterioles to every tissue | sphincter muscles regulate/prevent blood flow to areas

Question 62

function of capillaries

Answer 62

to absorb and disperse nutrients/ waste

Question 63

why are capillaries so small

Answer 63

``` diffusion gas exchange nutrients waste water ```

Question 64

describe the structure of veins

Answer 64

thin, less muscular than arteries

Question 65

what do the valves in veins do

Answer 65

ensure one way blood flow to the heart

Question 66

what do venules do

Answer 66

collect blood and join to form vein | hold approx 70% blood volume

Question 67

describe pulmonary circulation

Answer 67

curcules deoxygenated blood to lungs

Question 68

circut of pulmonary circulation

Answer 68

right ventricle-pulmonary trunk-divide into left and right pulmonary arteries-longs oxygenate-left atrium

Question 69

describe systemic circulation

Answer 69

oxygenated blood to all remaining body tissue

Question 70

what three parts does the aorta divide into as it exits left ventrivle

Answer 70

coronary artery aortic arch descending aorta

Question 71

where does the aortic arch lead to

Answer 71

``` cortoted artery (head) renal artery, branchial artery (shoulder and arm) ```

Question 72

where does the decending aorta lead to

Answer 72

``` hepatic artery (liver) renal artery(kidneys) mesentric artery (digestive tract) iliac, lower trunk, femoral (legs) ```

Question 73

what does the systemic system include

Answer 73

veins collecting deoxygenated blood from body tissues into superior and inferior vena cava

Question 74

name the veins in the systemic system

Answer 74

``` jugular (head) coronary(heart) iliac mescentric renal hepatic subclavian ```

Question 75

arteriosclerosis

Answer 75

general term for degeneration changes in arteries making them less elastic

Question 76

what causes ateriosclerosis

Answer 76

plaque build up on walls in arteries

Question 77

where is blood pressure and veocity highest

Answer 77

in aorta

Question 78

when does blood pressure and velocity decrease

Answer 78

as surface area in arteries increases

Question 79

where is blood velocity the lowest

Answer 79

in capillaries because of highest surface area

Question 80

what two forces affect oressure that is responcible for exchange

Answer 80

- outward pressure of blood in capillaries | - inwars osmotic pressure of tissue fluid

Question 81

where does fluid (nutrients) move out of capillaries

Answer 81

near arterial end

Question 82

where does fluid (waste) move in to capillaries

Answer 82

near venous end

Question 83

describe mid capillary pressure

Answer 83

equal solutes diffuse down concentration gradient

Question 84

describe fetal circulation

Answer 84

no gas exchange in lungs | bypass pulmonary circuit with foramen ovule opening between atria

Question 85

if blood gets into pulmonary trunk in fetal circulation where does it go

Answer 85

it is shunted to aorta via arterial duct

Question 86

what does prolonged lower oxygen levels cause

Answer 86

increased heart rate, blood pressure

Question 87

effect of body temperature

Answer 87

heart rate increased