Unit 2 - Cell Organelles, Plasma Membrane, Transport Flashcards
Prokaryote characteristics
- no membrane bound nucleus
- circular DNA
- simple
- ribosomes floating in cytoplasm
Eukarytoe characteristic
- membrane bound nucleus, structures
- linear DNA
- multicellular: mitochondria/chloroplast, golgi
- bound ribosomes
Compartmentalization
local environments for different functions (lysosome has a different pH)
Endosymbiosis
- folding of plasma membrane
- engulfing of aerobic prokaryote
- autotrophs diverge from heterotrophs
- autotroph engulfs photosynthetic prokaryote
- ancestral eukaryotes develop
Cell Wall (prokaryote, plant)
plant: cellulose
fungi: chitin
prokaryote: peptidoglycan
help with shape/structure and also protection
Plasma membrane (all three)
phospholipid bilayer
help with H2O regulation/pressure, help transport things across the membrane
Ribosome (all three)
protein synthesis!
prokaryotes: free in cytosol/cytoplasm
eukaryotes: bound (rough ER)
Smooth ER (eukaryotes)
make lipids, detoxification
Rough ER (eukaryotes)
ribosomes bound, form protein
Golgi (eukaryotes)
modifies, packs, and sorts proteins/materials
cis (close to RER) and trans side (where proteins bud off)
Mitochondria (eukaryotes)
double membrane with cristae (inner membrane)
cellular respiration
more mitochondria = more metabolism
more surface area of inner membrane = more rate of exchange, more efficient kreb cycle
Lysosome (eukaryotes)
digestion, pH: 5 (acidic), autophagy (recycle cell matter), hydrolyze
Nucleus (eukaryotes)
chromosomes, double membrane
Peroxisome (eukaryotes)
enzyme that converts peroxide into water
Chloroplast (plant only)
photosynthesis
thylakoid (singular disk) and grana (stack of disks): light dependent
stroma (fluid): calvin/dark cycle
Vacuole (eukaryotes)
food vacuole: phagocytosis
contractile: maintaining water level
central (plants): turgor pressure
Cytoskeleton (eukaryotes)
structural support:
1. microtubules (tubulin): movement of cells, support
2. microfilaments (actin): structure support, shape/tension
3. intermediate filaments (fibrous protein): movement of materials, shape, anchor, cushion
Centrioles (animal only)
function during reproduction with spindle fibers