Unit 2 Book Notes

Question 1

Stable of cell bio research

Answer 1

Hela cells

Question 2

What are the outcomes of cell division?

Answer 2

Reproduction, growth, and repair/regeneration of tissues

Question 3

Underlies the growth, development, and reproduction of all organisms

Answer 3

Cell division

Question 4

What 4 events occur for a cell to divide?

Answer 4

• reproductive signal
• replication
• segregation
• cytokinesis

Question 5

Initiates cell division and originates from inside/outside of cell

Answer 5

Reproductive signal

Question 6

Of DNA so 2 new cells have a complete, identical set of genes

Answer 6

Replication

Question 7

Cell distributes replicated DNA to each of 2 new cells

Answer 7

Segregation

Question 8

Separate 2 cells- enzymes and organelles synthesized and new material added to plasma membrane

Answer 8

Cytokinesis

Question 9

Prokaryotes divide by (blank)

Answer 9

Binary fission

Question 10

Process of binary fission

Answer 10

1) cell grows
2) replicates DNA
3) separates DNA and cytoplasm into 2 cells

Question 11

Long, thin DNA molecule with attached proteins

Answer 11

Chromosome

Question 12

What are the 2 regions of the chromosome that are important?

Answer 12

Ori and ter

Question 13

Site where replication of circular chromosome starts

Answer 13

Ori

Question 14

Site where replication ends

Answer 14

Ter

Question 15

DNA sequences bind proteins which hydrolyze ATP

Answer 15

Segregation of DNA molecules

Question 16

Plasma membrane pinches in to form ring of fibers made up of proteins (eukaryotic tubulin), new cell wall materials deposited to separate 2 cells

Answer 16

Cytokinesis

Question 17

Not related to environment of single cell, but to the function of the entire organism

Answer 17

Reproductive signal

Question 18

Many chromosomes, DNA replication limited to a portion of period between cell divisions

Answer 18

Replication

Question 19

Newly replicated chromosomes closely associated with each other

Answer 19

Sister chromatids

Question 20

Process of nuclear division that occurs in cells involved with sexual reproduction (not identical and new gene combos, important for sexual life cycle)

Answer 20

Meiosis

Question 21

Period from one cell division to the next

Answer 21

Cell cycle

Question 22

Interphase includes what

Answer 22

G1 phase
G1-to-S transition
S phase
G2 phase

Question 23

Protein kinase whose target proteins are involved in transitions in the cell cycle and which is active only when complexed with additional protein subunits

Answer 23

Cyclin-dependent kinases

Question 24

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a target protein (phosphorylation

Answer 24

Protein kinase

Question 25

Control point in cell cycle

Answer 25

Restriction (R) point

Question 26

Activates CDKs by binding

Answer 26

Cyclin

Question 27

What controls the G1-to-S transition

Answer 27

Cyclin-CDK complex

Question 28

Signaling pathways that regulate the cell cycles progress

Answer 28

Cell cycle checkpoints

Question 29

What happens if DNA is damaged?

Answer 29

- Signaling pathway results in production of p21 - p21 binds to G1-S-CDK and prevents activation - repairs made = damage pathway no longer operating - p21 breakdown - refunctioning of cyclin-cdks

Question 30

What can stimulate cells to divide?

Answer 30

External chemical signals

Question 31

What are 2 examples of growth factors?

Answer 31

1) cut with blood | 2) replacement of red and white blood cells

Question 32

Explain what happens when you get a cut

Answer 32

Specialized cell fragments (platelets) initiate blood clotting platelets release protein called platelet derived a growth factor and stimulated cells to divide to heal wound

Question 33

Explain what happens during the replacement of red and white blood cells

Answer 33

Interleukins and erythropoietin stimulate division and specialization of precursor cells of R and W blood cells

Question 34

What do growth factors specifically do?

Answer 34

Gf bind to specific receptors on target cells and activate signal transduction pathways that end with cyclin synthesis and activate CDKs and the cell cycle