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Biology Unit 2 > Unit 2 Book Notes > Flashcards

Unit 2 Book Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

Stable of cell bio research

A

Hela cells

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2
Q

What are the outcomes of cell division?

A

Reproduction, growth, and repair/regeneration of tissues

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3
Q

Underlies the growth, development, and reproduction of all organisms

A

Cell division

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4
Q

What 4 events occur for a cell to divide?

A
  • reproductive signal
  • replication
  • segregation
  • cytokinesis
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5
Q

Initiates cell division and originates from inside/outside of cell

A

Reproductive signal

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6
Q

Of DNA so 2 new cells have a complete, identical set of genes

A

Replication

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7
Q

Cell distributes replicated DNA to each of 2 new cells

A

Segregation

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8
Q

Separate 2 cells- enzymes and organelles synthesized and new material added to plasma membrane

A

Cytokinesis

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9
Q

Prokaryotes divide by (blank)

A

Binary fission

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10
Q

Process of binary fission

A

1) cell grows
2) replicates DNA
3) separates DNA and cytoplasm into 2 cells

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11
Q

Long, thin DNA molecule with attached proteins

A

Chromosome

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12
Q

What are the 2 regions of the chromosome that are important?

A

Ori and ter

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13
Q

Site where replication of circular chromosome starts

A

Ori

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14
Q

Site where replication ends

A

Ter

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15
Q

DNA sequences bind proteins which hydrolyze ATP

A

Segregation of DNA molecules

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16
Q

Plasma membrane pinches in to form ring of fibers made up of proteins (eukaryotic tubulin), new cell wall materials deposited to separate 2 cells

A

Cytokinesis

17
Q

Not related to environment of single cell, but to the function of the entire organism

A

Reproductive signal

18
Q

Many chromosomes, DNA replication limited to a portion of period between cell divisions

A

Replication

19
Q

Newly replicated chromosomes closely associated with each other

A

Sister chromatids

20
Q

Process of nuclear division that occurs in cells involved with sexual reproduction (not identical and new gene combos, important for sexual life cycle)

A

Meiosis

21
Q

Period from one cell division to the next

A

Cell cycle

22
Q

Interphase includes what

A

G1 phase
G1-to-S transition
S phase
G2 phase

23
Q

Protein kinase whose target proteins are involved in transitions in the cell cycle and which is active only when complexed with additional protein subunits

A

Cyclin-dependent kinases

24
Q

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a target protein (phosphorylation

A

Protein kinase

25
Q

Control point in cell cycle

A

Restriction (R) point

26
Q

Activates CDKs by binding

A

Cyclin

27
Q

What controls the G1-to-S transition

A

Cyclin-CDK complex

28
Q

Signaling pathways that regulate the cell cycles progress

A

Cell cycle checkpoints

29
Q

What happens if DNA is damaged?

A
  • Signaling pathway results in production of p21
  • p21 binds to G1-S-CDK and prevents activation
  • repairs made = damage pathway no longer operating
  • p21 breakdown
  • refunctioning of cyclin-cdks
30
Q

What can stimulate cells to divide?

A

External chemical signals

31
Q

What are 2 examples of growth factors?

A

1) cut with blood

2) replacement of red and white blood cells

32
Q

Explain what happens when you get a cut

A

Specialized cell fragments (platelets) initiate blood clotting platelets release protein called platelet derived a growth factor and stimulated cells to divide to heal wound

33
Q

Explain what happens during the replacement of red and white blood cells

A

Interleukins and erythropoietin stimulate division and specialization of precursor cells of R and W blood cells

34
Q

What do growth factors specifically do?

A

Gf bind to specific receptors on target cells and activate signal transduction pathways that end with cyclin synthesis and activate CDKs and the cell cycle

Biology Unit 2 (6 decks)

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