Unit 2. Biochemistry of Cell Flashcards
Some trivia about water (just read)
• In human tissues, the percentage of water ranges from 20% in
bones to 85% in brain cells!
• The water content is greatest in young cells and decreases
with age.
• About 70% of your total body weight is water and about 95%
of jellyfish and some plants is water!
I. Oxygen is more electronegative
than hydrogen.
II. O atom hogs electrons and
keeps them away from the H
atoms.
III. This gives the oxygen end of the
water molecule a partial
positive charge, while the
hydrogen end has a partial
negative charge.
Which statement/s is/are true?
A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I and II
E. I and III
F. All
G. None
D
[III.] Oxygen - partial negative charge
Hydrogen - partial positive charge
Properties of Water (5)
- COHESION & ADHESION
• surface tension, capillary action - GOOD SOLVENT
• many molecules dissolve in H2O
• hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic - LOWER DENSITY AS A SOLID
• ice floats! - HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT
• water stores heat - HIGH HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
• heats & cools slowly
What property of water:
H bonding between H2O molecules
• water is “sticky”
• surface tension
• observed on water in drinking straw
Cohesion
What property?
H bonding between H2O & other substances
• capillary action
• meniscus
• water climbs up
paper towel or cloth
Adhesion
makes H2O a good solvent
Polarity
Bodies of water that don’t freeze solid as mentioned in the ppt
Ocean and lakes
Molecules in cells are all?
ORGANIC
Compounds that arr made up of hydrocarbons (carbon and hydrogen atoms)
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
An active ingredient in the
most widely used insect
repellants, effective against
mosquitoes, fleas and ticks.
DEET (N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide)
Four classes of biological macromolecules:
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acid
They contain hydrocarbons (carbon
and hydrogen)
and other elements: oxygen,nitrogen,
phosphorus and sulfur.
(CHONPS)
Macromolecules
Elements found in Carbs (3)
C
H
O
Main source of energy of the body.
Simple Carbohydrates
Is the simple sugar.
Monosaccharide
T or F
Glucose is a monomer.
T
For long term storage for energy.
Complex Carbohydrates
is a polysaccharide comprising glucose monomers found in grains and tubers
Starch
also a glucose
polymer
Offers plant support
Energy storage
Makes up the cell wall
Food source for seeds
and plant bulbs
Cellulose
A branched polymer
made up of numerous
glucose monomers.
Long-term energy
storage found in the liver
Quickly broken down
into glucose
Glycogen
Elements in Lipids
Mostly C,H, and some O
They INSULATE the body to help maintain normal body
temperature and they
CUSHION the internal organs for protection.
Include waxes, Oils
include steroids such as cholesterol and the sex hormones
estrogen and testosterone
They waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are
waxes!
Glycogen (Lipids)
Made up of fatty acid monomers – Glycerides that
have a Glycerol Backbone (Circled) and a Fatty Acid Tail
Fat
Glycerol Group with 3 Fatty Acid Chains
Triglycerides
Elements of Proteins
Made up of Mostly C,H,O, and
N (Some Sulfur)
Structural molecules
All cell membranes have protein in them.
Antibodies in the immune system
Enzymes for helping chemical reactions
Non-steroid hormones
Proteins
Proteins that are involved in creating PROTEINS.
Ribosomes
Types of Protein Structure (4)
Primary Protein Structure
- sequence of a chain of amino acids.
Secondary Protein Structure
- hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids
to fold into a repeating pattern
Tertiary Protein Structure
- Three dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain
interactions.
Quatenary Protein Structure
- Protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain.
Types of Proteins (7)
- Structural (Tendons, Cartilage, Hair, Nails)
- Contractile (Muscles)
- Transport (Hemoglobin)
- Storage (Milk, Nuts, Seeds)
- Hormonal (Insulin, Growth hormone)
- Enzymes (Catalyzes reactions in cells)
- Protection (Immune Response)
Causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take
up glucose from blood and convert it to glycogen that
can be stored in the liver and muscles.
Insulin
is a condition when a person has high blood
glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or
because the body’s cells do not respond properly to
insulin, or both.
Diabetes
Proteins in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
Hemoglobin
are part of immune system.
When foreign organisms enters the body, they
find the invader and stick themselves into it.
Antibodies
Speed up rate of chemical reactions ( a catalyst) by
lowering the energy needed to begin the reaction.
Enzymes
Factors affecting enzyme activity (4)
- temperature
- pH
- enzyme concentration
- substrate concentration
are the monomers of nucleic acids
Nucleotides
is the “information molecule”
DNA
chromosomes are made up of thousands of shorter
segments of DNA, called
Genes
stores the directions for making protein
Gene
Each gene is further divided into three nucleotide
subsegments called
Codons
Each nucleotide monomer in DNA is
built from three simple
molecular parts:
Deoxyribose sugar,
phosphate group, and
Nitrogenous base
is a cyclical molecule.
fifth carbon atom is attached to
the fourth carbon of the ring
hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to
the third carbon in the ring.
Deoxyribose
phosphorous atom with four oxygen atoms
bonded to it.
Phosphate group
A bond that join one DNA nucleotide to another
that always link the 3’ carbon of the first nucleotide to the 5’ carbon of
the second nucleotide and in DNA polymers connect the 5’ carbon of one nucleotide to the 3’ carbon of another nucleotide
Phosphodiester bonds
What do you call the sequence of repeated condensation reactions in DNA replication that links nucleotide monomers into a DNA polymer?
dehydration synthesis
Orientation of DNA
Antiparallel
nucleotides forming each
DNA strand are connected
by
Hydrogen bonds
This creates consistency in the nucleotide
sequences of the two DNA polymers that join together to make a chromosome
Complementary base pairing
Which bases are purines? Which are pyrimidines?
Purines - A, G
Pyrimidines - C, T(U)
RNA functions in
cellular
protein synthesis
What makes RNA prone to hydrolysis?
The presence of a chemically reactive hydroxyl (−OH) group
attached to the second carbon group in the ribose
sugar molecule
Types of RNA (3)
messenger RNA (mRNA)
- carries DNA message to ribosomes.
transfer RNA (tRNA)
- transfer amino acids to ribosomes.
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- makes up ribosome-protein factories of the cell
Additional process that RNA have?
Reverse Transcription
