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BIO8 - Cell and Molecular Biology > Unit 2. Biochemistry of Cell > Flashcards

Unit 2. Biochemistry of Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

Some trivia about water (just read)

A

• In human tissues, the percentage of water ranges from 20% in
bones to 85% in brain cells!
• The water content is greatest in young cells and decreases
with age.
• About 70% of your total body weight is water and about 95%
of jellyfish and some plants is water!

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2
Q

I. Oxygen is more electronegative
than hydrogen.
II. O atom hogs electrons and
keeps them away from the H
atoms.
III. This gives the oxygen end of the
water molecule a partial
positive charge, while the
hydrogen end has a partial
negative charge.

Which statement/s is/are true?

A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I and II
E. I and III
F. All
G. None

A

D
[III.] Oxygen - partial negative charge
Hydrogen - partial positive charge

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3
Q

Properties of Water (5)

A
  1. COHESION & ADHESION
    • surface tension, capillary action
  2. GOOD SOLVENT
    • many molecules dissolve in H2O
    • hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic
  3. LOWER DENSITY AS A SOLID
    • ice floats!
  4. HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT
    • water stores heat
  5. HIGH HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
    • heats & cools slowly
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4
Q

What property of water:
H bonding between H2O molecules
• water is “sticky”
• surface tension
• observed on water in drinking straw

A

Cohesion

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5
Q

What property?
H bonding between H2O & other substances
• capillary action
• meniscus
• water climbs up
paper towel or cloth

A

Adhesion

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6
Q

makes H2O a good solvent

A

Polarity

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7
Q

Bodies of water that don’t freeze solid as mentioned in the ppt

A

Ocean and lakes

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8
Q

Molecules in cells are all?

A

ORGANIC

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9
Q

Compounds that arr made up of hydrocarbons (carbon and hydrogen atoms)

A

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

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10
Q

An active ingredient in the
most widely used insect
repellants, effective against
mosquitoes, fleas and ticks.

A

DEET (N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide)

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11
Q

Four classes of biological macromolecules:

A

Proteins
 Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acid

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12
Q

They contain hydrocarbons (carbon
and hydrogen)
and other elements: oxygen,nitrogen,
phosphorus and sulfur.
(CHONPS)

A

Macromolecules

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13
Q

Elements found in Carbs (3)

A

C
H
O

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14
Q

Main source of energy of the body.

A

Simple Carbohydrates

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15
Q

Is the simple sugar.

A

Monosaccharide

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16
Q

T or F
Glucose is a monomer.

A

T

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17
Q

For long term storage for energy.

A

Complex Carbohydrates

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18
Q

is a polysaccharide comprising glucose monomers found in grains and tubers

A

Starch

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19
Q

 also a glucose
polymer
Offers plant support
Energy storage
Makes up the cell wall
Food source for seeds
and plant bulbs

A

Cellulose

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20
Q

A branched polymer
made up of numerous
glucose monomers.
Long-term energy
storage found in the liver
Quickly broken down
into glucose

A

Glycogen

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21
Q

Elements in Lipids

A

Mostly C,H, and some O

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22
Q

They INSULATE the body to help maintain normal body
temperature and they
CUSHION the internal organs for protection.
Include waxes, Oils
include steroids such as cholesterol and the sex hormones
estrogen and testosterone

They waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are
waxes!

A

Glycogen (Lipids)

23
Q

Made up of fatty acid monomers – Glycerides that
have a Glycerol Backbone (Circled) and a Fatty Acid Tail

A

Fat

24
Q

Glycerol Group with 3 Fatty Acid Chains

A

Triglycerides

25
Q

Elements of Proteins

A

Made up of Mostly C,H,O, and
N (Some Sulfur)

26
Q

 Structural molecules
 All cell membranes have protein in them.
 Antibodies in the immune system
 Enzymes for helping chemical reactions
 Non-steroid hormones

A

Proteins

27
Q

Proteins that are involved in creating PROTEINS.

A

Ribosomes

28
Q

Types of Protein Structure (4)

A

Primary Protein Structure
- sequence of a chain of amino acids.
Secondary Protein Structure
- hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids
to fold into a repeating pattern
Tertiary Protein Structure
- Three dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain
interactions.
Quatenary Protein Structure
- Protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain.

29
Q

Types of Proteins (7)

A
  1. Structural (Tendons, Cartilage, Hair, Nails)
  2. Contractile (Muscles)
  3. Transport (Hemoglobin)
  4. Storage (Milk, Nuts, Seeds)
  5. Hormonal (Insulin, Growth hormone)
  6. Enzymes (Catalyzes reactions in cells)
  7. Protection (Immune Response)
30
Q

Causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take
up glucose from blood and convert it to glycogen that
can be stored in the liver and muscles.

A

Insulin

31
Q

is a condition when a person has high blood
glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or
because the body’s cells do not respond properly to
insulin, or both.

A

Diabetes

32
Q

Proteins in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

A

Hemoglobin

33
Q

are part of immune system.
When foreign organisms enters the body, they
find the invader and stick themselves into it.

A

Antibodies

34
Q

Speed up rate of chemical reactions ( a catalyst) by
lowering the energy needed to begin the reaction.

A

Enzymes

35
Q

Factors affecting enzyme activity (4)

A
  • temperature
  • pH
  • enzyme concentration
  • substrate concentration
36
Q

are the monomers of nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

37
Q

is the “information molecule”

A

DNA

38
Q

chromosomes are made up of thousands of shorter
segments of DNA, called

A

Genes

39
Q

stores the directions for making protein

A

Gene

40
Q

Each gene is further divided into three nucleotide
subsegments called

A

Codons

41
Q

Each nucleotide monomer in DNA is
built from three simple
molecular parts:

A

 Deoxyribose sugar,
 phosphate group, and
 Nitrogenous base

42
Q

is a cyclical molecule.
 fifth carbon atom is attached to
the fourth carbon of the ring
 hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to
the third carbon in the ring.

A

Deoxyribose

43
Q

phosphorous atom with four oxygen atoms
bonded to it.

A

Phosphate group

44
Q

A bond that join one DNA nucleotide to another
that always link the 3’ carbon of the first nucleotide to the 5’ carbon of
the second nucleotide and in DNA polymers connect the 5’ carbon of one nucleotide to the 3’ carbon of another nucleotide

A

Phosphodiester bonds

45
Q

What do you call the sequence of repeated condensation reactions in DNA replication that links nucleotide monomers into a DNA polymer?

A

dehydration synthesis

46
Q

Orientation of DNA

A

Antiparallel

47
Q

nucleotides forming each
DNA strand are connected
by

A

Hydrogen bonds

48
Q

This creates consistency in the nucleotide
sequences of the two DNA polymers that join together to make a chromosome

A

Complementary base pairing

49
Q

Which bases are purines? Which are pyrimidines?

A

Purines - A, G
Pyrimidines - C, T(U)

50
Q

RNA functions in
cellular

A

protein synthesis

51
Q

What makes RNA prone to hydrolysis?

A

The presence of a chemically reactive hydroxyl (−OH) group
attached to the second carbon group in the ribose
sugar molecule

52
Q

Types of RNA (3)

A

 messenger RNA (mRNA)
- carries DNA message to ribosomes.

 transfer RNA (tRNA)
- transfer amino acids to ribosomes.

 ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- makes up ribosome-protein factories of the cell

53
Q

Additional process that RNA have?

A

Reverse Transcription

BIO8 - Cell and Molecular Biology (5 decks)

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