Unit 2 ASOS 1

Question 1

What is social cognition?

Answer 1

how we think (interpret, analyse, remember and use information to make judgements about others in different social situations).

Question 2

What is person perception?

Answer 2

forming impressions and draw conclusions about other people.

Question 3

What is Attribution?

Answer 3

evaluation made about the causes of behaviour and the process of making this evaluation.

Question 4

What is Internal attribution?

Answer 4

we tend to blame the person for causing the behaviour (mood, personality, attitude etc).

Question 5

What is External attribution?

Answer 5

we tend to blame the situation for causing the behaviour.

Question 6

What is Attitude?

Answer 6

evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group, event or issue.

Question 7

What is Affective?

Answer 7

emotional reactions or feelings.

Question 8

What is Behavioural?

Answer 8

actions.

Question 9

What is Cognitive?

Answer 9

beliefs.

Question 10

What is Stereotype?

Answer 10

collection of beliefs and generalizations about a group such as people.

Question 11

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 11

psychological tension that occurs when our thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviours do not align (feeling of discomfort)

Additional information: Cognitive dissonance can lead to feelings of discomfort and the need to resolve conflicting beliefs.

Question 12

Cognitive bias

Answer 12

conscious, systematic tendence to interpret information in a way that is neither rational nor based on objective reality. (avoid discomfort.)

Example sentence: Cognitive biases can impact decision-making processes in unpredictable ways.

Question 13

Confirmation bias

Answer 13

search for and accept information that supports our prior beliefs or behaviours

Example sentence: Confirmation bias can lead individuals to ignore evidence that contradicts their existing beliefs.

Question 14

Actor-observer bias

Answer 14

attribute our own actions to external factors and situational causes. (blaming anything but yourself)

Example sentence: The actor-observer bias can lead individuals to overlook personal responsibility for their actions.

Question 15

Self-serving bias

Answer 15

attribute positive success to our internal character and actions. If it’s our own success it’s ok, if it’s failure you blame the situation

Additional information: Self-serving bias can impact self-esteem and interpersonal relationships.

Question 16

Heuristics

Answer 16

information processing strategies or mental shortcuts that help form judgment, decisions, and solve problems quickly

Example sentence: Heuristics are useful in making quick decisions but can lead to errors in judgment.

Question 17

Stereotyping

Answer 17

processing of grouping or fitting people into a category based on their characteristics

Example sentence: Stereotyping can lead to unfair judgments and discrimination against certain groups.

Question 18

Prejudice

Answer 18

tend to evaluate its members negatively merely because of the group they are in

Question 19

Discrimination

Answer 19

Negative behaviour

Question 20

Direct discrimination

Answer 20

Treated unfairly because of personal characteristics

Question 21

Indirect

Answer 21

Not obvious. Unfairly disadvantages one group

Question 22

Stigma

Answer 22

Negative label

Question 23

Social group

Answer 23

A group we identify with

Question 24

In group

Answer 24

Identify with

Question 25

Out group

Answer 25

Do not identify with

Question 26

Culture

Answer 26

Customs, behaviours and values

Question 27

Individualistic cultures

Answer 27

Priorities the needs of a individual

Question 28

Collectivist cultures

Answer 28

Priorities the needs of the group

Question 29

Obedience

Answer 29

adhering to the instructions of authority figures or the rules or laws of society following rules by people of power

Question 30

Milgram’s experiment

Answer 30

Experimenter, teacher (participant), learner (confederate)

Question 31

Conformity

Answer 31

tendency to adjust one’s thoughts, feelings or behaviours in ways that are in agreement with what is accepted behaviour at the time

Question 32

Asch’s experiment

Answer 32

One participant and six confederates: Answer is obvious but participant conformed and gave wrong answer too

Question 33

Factors affecting obedience

Answer 33

proximity, group pressure

Question 34

Factors affecting conformity

Answer 34

Culture, deindividuation

Question 35

Deindividuation

Answer 35

tendency for individuals to lose their sense of identity and individuality of their group

Question 36

Status

Answer 36

position in group/percieved

Question 37

Power

Answer 37

ability to control or influence the thoughts, feelings or behaviour towards another

Question 38

reward power

Answer 38

positive consequences or remove negative consequences

Question 39

coercive power

Answer 39

give negative/ remove positive consequences in response to specific behaviour

Question 40

legitimate power

Answer 40

persons status/ position in a group in general gives them power

Question 41

referent power

Answer 41

individuals identity with or want to be liked by a person

Question 42

expert power

Answer 42

special knowledge and skills that are desirable or needed

Question 43

informational power

Answer 43

resources or information that are useful and not valuable elsewhere

Question 44

stanford prison experiment

Answer 44

gave power to people being the guards and their social group. prisoners have their social group and power towards eachother

Question 45

halo effect

Answer 45

positive impression (Assumption about the overall person from their characterisitic or something that makes them seem positive)

Question 46

group polarisation

Answer 46

more extreme decision than original decision made by another person