Unit 2 ASOS 1 Flashcards
What is social cognition?
how we think (interpret, analyse, remember and use information to make judgements about others in different social situations).
What is person perception?
forming impressions and draw conclusions about other people.
What is Attribution?
evaluation made about the causes of behaviour and the process of making this evaluation.
What is Internal attribution?
we tend to blame the person for causing the behaviour (mood, personality, attitude etc).
What is External attribution?
we tend to blame the situation for causing the behaviour.
What is Attitude?
evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group, event or issue.
What is Affective?
emotional reactions or feelings.
What is Behavioural?
actions.
What is Cognitive?
beliefs.
What is Stereotype?
collection of beliefs and generalizations about a group such as people.
Cognitive dissonance
psychological tension that occurs when our thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviours do not align (feeling of discomfort)
Additional information: Cognitive dissonance can lead to feelings of discomfort and the need to resolve conflicting beliefs.
Cognitive bias
conscious, systematic tendence to interpret information in a way that is neither rational nor based on objective reality. (avoid discomfort.)
Example sentence: Cognitive biases can impact decision-making processes in unpredictable ways.
Confirmation bias
search for and accept information that supports our prior beliefs or behaviours
Example sentence: Confirmation bias can lead individuals to ignore evidence that contradicts their existing beliefs.
Actor-observer bias
attribute our own actions to external factors and situational causes. (blaming anything but yourself)
Example sentence: The actor-observer bias can lead individuals to overlook personal responsibility for their actions.
Self-serving bias
attribute positive success to our internal character and actions. If it’s our own success it’s ok, if it’s failure you blame the situation
Additional information: Self-serving bias can impact self-esteem and interpersonal relationships.
Heuristics
information processing strategies or mental shortcuts that help form judgment, decisions, and solve problems quickly
Example sentence: Heuristics are useful in making quick decisions but can lead to errors in judgment.
Stereotyping
processing of grouping or fitting people into a category based on their characteristics
Example sentence: Stereotyping can lead to unfair judgments and discrimination against certain groups.
Prejudice
tend to evaluate its members negatively merely because of the group they are in
Discrimination
Negative behaviour
Direct discrimination
Treated unfairly because of personal characteristics
Indirect
Not obvious. Unfairly disadvantages one group
Stigma
Negative label
Social group
A group we identify with
In group
Identify with
Out group
Do not identify with
Culture
Customs, behaviours and values
Individualistic cultures
Priorities the needs of a individual
Collectivist cultures
Priorities the needs of the group
Obedience
adhering to the instructions of authority figures or the rules or laws of society following rules by people of power
Milgram’s experiment
Experimenter, teacher (participant), learner (confederate)
Conformity
tendency to adjust one’s thoughts, feelings or behaviours in ways that are in agreement with what is accepted behaviour at the time
Asch’s experiment
One participant and six confederates: Answer is obvious but participant conformed and gave wrong answer too
Factors affecting obedience
proximity, group pressure
Factors affecting conformity
Culture, deindividuation
Deindividuation
tendency for individuals to lose their sense of identity and individuality of their group
Status
position in group/percieved
Power
ability to control or influence the thoughts, feelings or behaviour towards another
reward power
positive consequences or remove negative consequences
coercive power
give negative/ remove positive consequences in response to specific behaviour
legitimate power
persons status/ position in a group in general gives them power
referent power
individuals identity with or want to be liked by a person
expert power
special knowledge and skills that are desirable or needed
informational power
resources or information that are useful and not valuable elsewhere
stanford prison experiment
gave power to people being the guards and their social group. prisoners have their social group and power towards eachother
halo effect
positive impression (Assumption about the overall person from their characterisitic or something that makes them seem positive)
group polarisation
more extreme decision than original decision made by another person
