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unit 2 ap psych Flashcards

1
Q

chromosomes

A

46 in each cell, made up of DNA that contains our genes

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2
Q

genome

A

all the genes that make up an organism

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3
Q

nature vs nurture debate

A

whether or not we are more influenced by genetics or our environment

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4
Q

behavior geneticists

A

study the effects of genetics and environment on our behavior

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5
Q

twin and adoption studies

A

separated identical twins have very similar traits, more than siblings raised together.

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6
Q

heritability

A

how much of variation in a group of individuals is due to genetics, explanation of differences that are due to genetic factors

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7
Q

molecular geneticists

A

study molecular structure and function of genes

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8
Q

epigenetic

A

how the environment effects which genes are expressed

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9
Q

evolutionary psychologists

A

focus on principles of natural selection to explain our behavior and mind

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10
Q

endocrine system

A

body’s chemical communication system

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11
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland, controlled by hypothalamus

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12
Q

hypothalamus

A

in charge of metabolism, sleep, emotion, and blood pressure

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13
Q

endocrine glands

A

pineal gland, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland in the brain

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14
Q

glands in neck

A

thyroid and parathyroid gland

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15
Q

gland near kidney

A

adrenal glands

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16
Q

gland near stomach

A

pancreas

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17
Q

hormone

A

chemical messengers sent through blood stream, slower than neurotransmitters, last longer and have huge role in development

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18
Q

pineal gland

A

produces melanin and helps regulate circadian rhythm

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19
Q

hypothalamus function

A

four F’s
fighting, feeding, fleeing, mating

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20
Q

pituitary function

A

controls growth and produces hormones like oxytocin, promotes pair bonding and social trust

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21
Q

thyroid gland

A

effects metabolism

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22
Q

parathyroid gland

A

regulate calcium in blood

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23
Q

adrenal gland

A

trigger fight or flight, release epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine, connected to autonomic nervous system (involuntary)

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24
Q

pancreas gland

A

controls level of blood sugar with insulin and helps digestion

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25
Q

testis and ovaries

A

reproductive organs that produce sex hormones that promote growth

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26
Q

cortisol

A

released by adrenal glands to increase blood glucose levels

27
Q

nervous system

A

body’s electrochemical messaging system, very fast

28
Q

central nervous system

A

Brian and spinal cord

29
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

connects sensory and motor systems to central nervous system

30
Q

reflex

A

automatic response created by pathway in spinal cord

31
Q

somatic nervous system

A

part of PNS, voluntary movement

32
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

part of PNS, involuntary movement

33
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

part of ANS, arousal like nervousness

34
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

part of ANS, rest and relaxation

35
Q

sensory neurons/afferent neurons

A

carry incoming sensory info to the CNS

36
Q

interneurons

A

inter-CNS communication

37
Q

motor neurons/ efferent neurons

A

carries message from CNS to where it needs to go

38
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells

39
Q

dendrite

A

branches that receives information and transfers it to cell body

40
Q

axon

A

passes message to terminal branches

41
Q

cell body / soma

A

cell’s support system

42
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty layer that covers axon and speeds up signaling, like the coating around a cord

43
Q

terminal branches

A

passes message to other neurons or parts of the body, neurotransmitters are released and uptaken by the next neuron

44
Q

action potential

A

must occur for message to pass down the axon

45
Q

threshold

A

the amount of stimulation necessary for a neuron to fire

46
Q

depolarization

A

when threshold is met and message travels down the neuron

47
Q

all-or-none response

A

neurons either fire or don’t

48
Q

excitatory

A

pushes neurons accelerator

49
Q

inhibitory

A

pushes neurons brakes

50
Q

reuptake

A

neurons that are not absorbed by the next neuron or body part are taken back in by the original

51
Q

antagonist neurotransmitter

A

blocks response

52
Q

agonists

A

mimic effects of a neurotransmitter

53
Q

Acetylcholine (Ach)

A

enables muscle action, learning, and memory

with alhzeimers, ACh deteriorates

54
Q

Dopamine

A

influences learning, attention, movement and emotion

lack of dopamine can lead to tremors and decreased mobility
too much can lead to schizophrenia

55
Q

serotonin

A

affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

undersupply –> depression

56
Q

Noepinephrine

A

helps control alertness and arousal

undersupply can depress mood

57
Q

GABA

A

major inhibitory molecule

undersupply –> tremors, insomnia

58
Q

Glutamate

A

major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory

59
Q

endorphins

A

diminishes pain and acts as natural sedative

60
Q

oldest brain structures

A

brainstem, thalamus, cerebellum

61
Q

brainstem

A

composed of pons, medulla, and midbrain

62
Q

midbrain

A

reflexes, sleep/awakeness, consciousness

63
Q

pons

A

balance and reflexes

64
Q

medulla oblongata

A

vital body functions, breathing, HR, BP

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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