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AP Psychology > unit 1 review > Flashcards

unit 1 review Flashcards

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1
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

father of psychology, combined physiology and philosophy and established the first psych lab in germany

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2
Q

structuralism

A

belief that understanding structure is more important than function, that mind must be broken into elements to understand the brain and its functions

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3
Q

introspection

A

looking inward to understand thoughts and emotions

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4
Q

functionalism

A

understanding how the conscious mind is related to behavior

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5
Q

William James

A

functionalist

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6
Q

early behaviorism

A

study of observable events, shift to more science based studies

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7
Q

John Watson

A

Little Albert Experiment, believed that observable events are the only ones that can be proven true

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8
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

suggests the whole is different than the sum of its parts, and that humans see the greater whole

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9
Q

psychoanalytic/psychodynamic approaches

A

focus on the unconscious mind and past/childhood experiences. strongly influenced by Freudian ideas and principles

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10
Q

humanistic approach

A

belief that humans have free will and the ability to grow. all individuals strive for self-actualization and to reach their greatest potential.

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11
Q

evolutionary approach

A

uses evolutionary biology to explain human behavior, studies the connection of natural selection and to ancestors

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12
Q

biological approach

A

behaviors are based on physical processes (neurons, brain, chemicals)

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13
Q

cognitive approach

A

thought processes impact the way people behave

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14
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

acknoledges all of a persons aspects, biological, psychological, and social

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15
Q

sociocultural approach

A

studies how thinking and behavior varies across cultures and situations

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16
Q

biological psychology

A

says that physical processes effect behavior (ex: anger is due to chemical imbalance in brain)

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17
Q

clinical psychology

A

branch of psychology that focuses on assessing and treating mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders

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18
Q

cognitive psychology

A

studies mental processes associated with thinking, knowing, and communicating

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19
Q

counseling psychology

A

focus on personal issues that are not classified as disorders, therapists that help people cope with challenges in their lives

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20
Q

developmental psychology

A

studies social, cognitive, and behavioral across lifetime, “womb to tomb”

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21
Q

educational psychology

A

study how psychological processes can impact or improve learning and education

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22
Q

experimental psychology

A

using experiments to study the relationship between behaviors and the mind

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23
Q

Industrial-organizational psychology

A

studies relationship between work and people to increase productivity and help companies

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24
Q

personality psychology

A

study of how personality affects the way we think and behave

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25
Q

psychometric psychology

A

focuses on psychological measurements and psychological examinations

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26
Q

social psychology

A

studies how humans affect one another and how we relate, think, and behave with each other

27
Q

experiments

A

manipulating one or more independent variable to determine the effects

strengths:
1) can determine cause and effect
2) can be retested and proven
weaknesses:
1) potential ethical issues
2) low realism

28
Q

correlational studies

A

looking at the relationship between two or more variables when performing an experiment is not an option
CORRELATION IS NOT CAUSATION

strengths:
1) easier to conduct than experiment
weaknesses:
1) can not determine cause and effect

29
Q

survey research

A

collection of info reported by people about a certain topic

strengths:
1) cost-effective
2) mostly reliable
weaknesses:
1) low response rates
2) can not determine accuracy of indiv. responses

30
Q

naturalistic observations

A

researcher observes subjects behavior without intervention

strengths:
1) natural setting is more reliable than lab
weaknesses:
1) hawthorne effect- people act differently if they know they are being watched
2) researches who observe the same behavior can draw different conclusions

31
Q

case study

A

in depth observation of a person or group of people

strengths:
1) provides detailed info
weaknesses:
1) can not generalize to entire population
2) time-consuming
3) difficult to recreate

32
Q

longitudal studies

A

same people are observed over a long period of time

strengths:
1) can show effects/changes over time
2) more accurate than cross-sectional study
weaknesses:
1) time consuming
2) expensive

33
Q

cross-sectional studies

A

examines different groups of people at the same time (diff age, gender, etc)

strengths:
1) quick and easy to conduct
2) results can be generalized
weaknesses:
1) difficult to find a population that varies by only one factor
2) can not measure changes over time

34
Q

basic research

A

learning more about something and expanding

35
Q

applied research

A

answers a specific question and is used to solve a problem or do something practical

36
Q

theory

A

made by researcher to try and explain what behavior is being observed

37
Q

operational definition

A

used to avoid bias and describe something in a way that all researchers can use

38
Q

independent variable

A

variable that changes in an experiment

39
Q

dependent variable

A

variable that is being measured

40
Q

confounding variable

A

outside influence that changes the effect if the independent and dependent variables

41
Q

hawthorne effect

A

idea that people will act differently if they know they are being watched by a researcher

42
Q

control variables

A

variables that remain constant throughout the experiment

43
Q

random assignment

A

when participants are randomly assigned to a group

44
Q

random sample

A

random portion of the population is selected

45
Q

sampling bias

A

result of flawed sampling that produces unrepresentative sample

46
Q

experimenter bias

A

when researchers influence the results of a experiment so it produces a certain outcome

47
Q

hindsight bias

A

tendency to believe you knew it all along

48
Q

overconfidence

A

when we are over confident about what we find or believe it can mislead others

49
Q

external validity

A

refers to generalizable the experiment results are

50
Q

internal validity

A

when a study shows a truthful cause and effect relationship

51
Q

descriptive research

A

to observe and record behavior

52
Q

correlational research

A

to detect naturally occurring relationships between things

53
Q

experimental research

A

to explore cause and effect

54
Q

descriptive statistics

A

use of numerical data to describe and measure certain characteristics

55
Q

inferential statistics

A

uses statistical methods to make inferences of populations

56
Q

correlation coefficient

A

statistical measure that shows strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

57
Q

normal curve

A

bell shaped distribution

58
Q

bimodal distribution

A

two peaks

59
Q

positively skewed

A

extends to the right

60
Q

negatively skewed

A

extends to the left

61
Q

statistical significance

A

liklihood that something occurred by chance

62
Q

ethical guidelines

A

informed consent
minimal deception
deception debriefing
protection from harm or discomfort
anonymity
no coercion

63
Q

Institutional Review Boards (IRB)

A

committee that reviews research studies involving humans for ethics

64
Q

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

A

reviews research studies involving animals for ethics violations

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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