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psychology > unit 2 aos2 > Flashcards

unit 2 aos2 Flashcards

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1
Q

person perception

A

refers to the different mental processes used to understand and form impressions of other people. this can be determined directly or indirectly.

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2
Q

direct person perception

A

info provided from the person we are judging for example through observing them or interacting with them.

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3
Q

indirect person perception

A

through hearing about the person we are judging from another person or source, for example through a friend or reading about someone online

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4
Q

attributions (+2 types)

A

is an evaluation made about the causes of behaviour and the process of making this evaluation. attributions are categorised into two types: internal and external

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5
Q

internal (personal) attributions

A

occurs when we judge behaviour as being caused by something personal within an individual

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6
Q

external (situational) attributions

A

occurs when we determine the cause of a behaviour as resulting from the situational factors occuring outside the individual

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7
Q

3 steps in the cognitive process of attribution

A

observation of an outward act of behaviour, conscious determination or acknowledgement of the behaviour, attribute causes to this observed behaviour

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8
Q

step 1 in the cognitive process of attribution

A

a person sees someone running down a busy street

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9
Q

step 2 in the cognitive process of attribution

A

a person actively decides the behaviour they observed was someone running down a busy street

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10
Q

step 3 in the cognitive process of attribution

A

a person infers that the cause of the other person running is that they are disorganised and running late.

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11
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

refers to our tendency to explain other people’s behaviour in terms of internal factors, while ignoring possible external factors. Leads to cognitive bias and has an effect on how we percieve that individual as well.

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12
Q

the just world belief

A

refers to the belief that the world is a just place in which people generally get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

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13
Q

actor observer bias

A

refers to our tendency to attribute our own behaviour to external or situational factors, yet attribute other’ behaviour to external factors. This is in comparison to other people

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14
Q

example of actor observer bias

A

if you fail an exam you may blame your failure on too many trick questions or an overcrowded exam room with too many distractions, but you might say Maria failed because she isn’t smart enough

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15
Q

self serving bias example

A

when the teacher hands back a test and they get a good result, it was because of their hard work. but if they got a bad result, it was because the questions were unfair.

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16
Q

attitudes

A

refer to an evaluation of something, such as a person, object, event or idea. An attitude can be positive, negative or neutral.

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17
Q

3 criteria for attitude formation

A

must be an evaluation of something, must be settled and stable, must be learnt through experience

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18
Q

The tri component model of attitudes (+ 3)

A

proposes that an attitude must have all three components present, interacting and contributing to the attitude. affective, behavioural, cognitive

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19
Q

affective component

A

refers to our emotions and intuitive feelings towards something, reflected in our attitude. EG: I like school

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20
Q

behavioural component

A

refers to our outward and observable actions that reflect our point of view about something EG: I try my best at school

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21
Q

cognitive component

A

refers to our thoughts and beliefs towards something. EG: I know working hard at school will help me get the results I need for my future

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22
Q

consistency of the components

A

many psychologists suggest that only the affective and cognitive components need to be present for an attitude to exist. behaviour may not align.

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23
Q

stereotyping

A

is a widely held belief and generalisation about a group. It is a generalisation that all members in that group will share the same characteristics, despite their individuality.

24
Q

how can stereotyping be helpful (3)

A

They allow us to percieve others and make sense of the social world, can keep us safe, allows us to act socially responsibly

25
Q

5 problems with stereotyping

A

leads to oversimplified and inaccurate judgements of individual people, mostly negative than positive, we tend to ignore a person’s individuality, they tend to be fixed and resistant to change, can lead to social stigma.

26
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

is the psychological tension that occurs when our thoughts and feelings don’t align with our behaviour. this often occurs when we act in a way that contradicts our beliefs

27
Q

what needs to be present for cognitive dissonance to occur (2)

A

if you were aware of the potential consequences and the inconsistency of your behaviour when you undertake the behaviour OR if you cannot justify why you performed the behaviour

28
Q

2 ways to reduce cognitive dissonance

A

changing your thoughts to align with your behaviour OR changing your behaviour to align with your thoughts

29
Q

cognitive bias

A

the unconscious, systematic tendencies to interpret info in a way that is neither rational nor based on objective reality. individuals distort info to think about it in a way that is preferable to them

30
Q

5 types of cognitive bias

A

confirmation bias, halo effect, false-consensus bias, self-serving bias, actor observer bias

31
Q

confirmation bias

A

the tendency to search for and accept information that supports our prior beliefs or behaviours and ignore contradictory information

32
Q

halo effect

A

the tendency for the impression we form about one quality of a person to influence our overall beliefs about the person in other respects

33
Q

false-consensus bias

A

the tendency to overestimate the degree to which other people share the same ideas and attitudes as we do

34
Q

heuristics

A

information-processing strategies or ‘mental shortcuts’ that enable individuals to form judgements, make decisions, and solve problems quickly and efficiently

35
Q

2 positive influences of heuristics

A

save time when making decisions, can be adaptive and protect an individual from dangerous situations

36
Q

2 negative influences of heuristics

A

prone to error, base-rate fallacy (perception is based on experience rather than actual fact)

37
Q

prejudice

A

the negative attitude people possess towards individuals based only on their membership of a group

38
Q

discrimination (+2 types)

A

the unjust treatment of people due to their membership within a certain social category. The behaviour that results from stereotyping and prejudice. direct and indirect discrimination

39
Q

direct discrimination

A

when someone is openly treated unfairly because of their association with a particular group, or becuase they possess a particular characteristic

40
Q

indirect discrimination

A

occurs when a practice or blanket rule applies to all people and unfairly disadvantages a group or person as a result

41
Q

what can prejudice and discrimination lead to?

A

stigma

42
Q

stigma (+2 types)

A

the feeling of shame or disgrace experienced by an individual caused by being stereotyped, and the resulting prejudice and discrimination that comes from that. social and self stigma

43
Q

social stigma

A

is a negative label caused by widespread beliefs

44
Q

self-stigma

A

is the result of the internalisation of negative stereotypes and can lead to poor self-efficacy and low self esteem

45
Q

3 influences of prejudice and discrimination on mental wellbeing

A

damaged self confidence, higher experience of stress, increased susceptibility to mental health problems

46
Q

4 ways to reduce prejudice, stigma and discrimination

A

education, inter-group contact, social media, laws

47
Q

obedience (+3 types)

A

refers to complying with commands which are often given by a source of authority. constructive, destructive and blind obedience

48
Q

what outcome does constructive obedience have

A

positive

49
Q

what outcome does destructive obedience have

A

negative

50
Q

why do we obey (3)

A

status of the authority figure, proximity, group pressure

51
Q

conformity

A

involves the tendency to adjust one’s thoughts, feelings or behaviours in ways that are in agreement with what is accepted behaviour at the time.

52
Q

why do we conform (4)

A

social norms, group shift, group think, deindividuation

53
Q

social norms

A

society’s unofficial rules and expectations regarding how individual’s should act

54
Q

group shift

A

a condition in which the influence of the group causes an individual to adopt a more extreme position

55
Q

group think

A

a psychological phenomenon in which assumed group unanimity overrules individual’s realistic appraisal of consequences

56
Q

deindividuation

A

refers to the tendency for individuals to lose their sense of identity and individuality within a group

psychology (6 decks)

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