unit 2 aos1 Flashcards

(38 cards)

1
Q

attention (3)

A

refers to the level of awareness directed towards certain stimuli to the exclusion of others. sustained, selective and divided

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2
Q

sustained attention

A

Sustained attention, also known as vigilance, involve maintaining a high degree of attention over a prolonged period

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3
Q

selective attention

A

focus our attention on a single activity and disregard other environmental stimuli

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4
Q

divided attention

A

involves distributing one’s attention to allow for the processing of two or more stimuli at the same time

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5
Q

perception

A

the process of selecting, organising, and interpreting sensory information

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6
Q

sensation

A

the process of receiving and detecting raw sensory stimuli via sensory organs and sending this information to the brain

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7
Q

sensory stimuli

A

the raw pieces of information that are detected by the five senses

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8
Q

Top down processing

A

the processing of sensory information by applying prior knowledge and expectations

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9
Q

bottom up processing

A

the processing of sensory information beginning with salient sensory data, which is then integrated to form a bigger picture

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10
Q

2 biological factors that influence visual perception

A

monocular and binocular depth cues

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11
Q

monocular depth cues (+1)

A

depth cues that only require one eye to send information to the brain to perceive depth. includes accomodation

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12
Q

accomodation

A

the ability of the eye to change focus from near to distant objects and back again. when we focus on distant objects, our ciliary muscles relax and when we focus on near objects our ciliary muscles contract

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13
Q

binocular depth cues (+2)

A

depth cues that require both eyes to send information to the brain to perceive depth. includes convergence and retinal disparity

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14
Q

convergence

A

a biological depth cue that involves the brain interpreting tension changes in the muscles around the eyes

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15
Q

retinal disparity

A

the brain detecting similarities and differences between the information being sent from each eye, due to the eyes being 6–7 cm apart

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16
Q

3 psychological factors that influence visual perception

A

perceptual set, perceptual constancy, gestalt principles

17
Q

perceptual set (+4)

A

the tendency to view things in a certain way due to a readiness to receive certain stimuli. includes past experiences, memory, motivation, context.

18
Q

how can past experiences affect your visual perception

A

inform our ideas and expectations about the world, and how we process stimuli from the top down processing.

19
Q

how can memory affect your visual perception

A

Our memory is shaped by our experiences of the world, and it helps us understand how our world works. It plays an important role in our expectations of how the world should operate

20
Q

how can motivation affect your visual perception

A

Depending on our motivation, we will perceive certain stimuli that align with our goals as more salient than others.

20
Q

how can context affect your visual perception

A

Context is the situation or conditions in which something occurs. For our purposes, it is the location and circumstances in which the visual stimuli are being processed.

21
Q

perceptual constancy

A

the mind’s ability to perceive a visual stimulus as remaining constant even though the visual information sent to the brain about the object shows changes in shape, size, brightness and orientation

22
Q

size constancy

A

the ability to perceive an object’s actual size, despite changes in our retinal images of the object

23
Q

shape constancy

A

the ability to perceive an object’s actual shape, despite changes in the retinal image of the object

24
orientation constancy
the ability to perceive an object’s actual orientation, despite changes in our retinal image of the object
25
gestalt principles (+4)
a set of principles that explain how we interpret visual information most efficiently by grouping individual elements together to perceive a whole object. includes figure-ground, closure, similarity and proximity
26
figure-ground
the tendency to perceive part of a visual stimulus as more relevant (the figure) and standing out against its less relevant surroundings (the ground)
27
closure
our ability to fill in or ignore gaps in visual stimuli and perceive objects as a meaningful whole
28
similarity
the tendency to group together as a whole any stimuli that are alike in size, shape or colour
29
proximity
the tendency to perceive the parts of a visual stimulus that are close together as belonging to a group
30
how can culture (social factor) influence perception
social factors are unique to our culture and the community in which we live in. the people we are surrounded by shapes the way we see the world
31
visual illusion +2 examples
The illusion is created by a misinterpretation (distortion or mistake) of the reality of a visual stimulus. includes muller lyer, ames room
32
biological explanation of muller lyer illusion
It has been suggested that the line with the arrowheads at the end causes the eyes to turn inwards, creating more tension in the muscles surrounding the eyes, and causing us to perceive the line as being closer to us. Convergence
33
Ames room explanation
The Ames room illusion is often explained with reference to perceptual constancy. The observer has no access to binocular depth cues and is forced to view the room with one eye through a peephole
34
visual agnosia (+2)
Agnosia a brain disorder that interferes with one’s ability to recognise or identify objects, people or sounds using one or more of the senses. apperceptive and associative
35
apperceptive visual agnosia
an inability to recognise familiar visual stimuli due to problems with processing perceptions eg: they may look at a dinner plate and not be able to recognise it as ‘a dinner plate’. If you asked them what a dinner plate was, they could describe it to you, but if you showed them a picture of a dinner plate, they could not tell you what it was. they wont be able to draw a picture of it
36
associative visual agnosia
an inability to recognise familiar visual stimuli, despite having no problems with processing perceptions. eg: theycould tell you what a dinner plate is. The key difference is that if given a drawing of a dinner plate to copy, they could draw the dinner plate. if you then asked them to say what they had just drawn, they could not name the object. For this reason, associative visual agnosia can be described as normal perception stripped of meaning.
37
prospagnosia
a type of visual agnosia involving an inability to recognise the faces of familiar people. Can be apperceptive or associative.