unit 1 aos1 part 1

Question 1

psychological development

Answer 1

an individual’s changes in functioning across multiple domains, including the lifelong growth across emotional, cognitive, and social domains

Question 2

the 3 aspects of psychological development

Answer 2

cognitive, emotional and social development

Question 3

cognitive development

Answer 3

The changes in thought processes that occur as we age. (learning a second language or times tables)

Question 4

emotional development

Answer 4

The continuous, lifelong changes in skills that allow individuals to control, express, and recognise emotions in an appropriate way.

Question 5

social development

Answer 5

The lifelong changes in skills that allow individuals to effectively and appropriately interact with others.

Question 6

hereditary factors

Answer 6

factors that influence development and are genetically passed down from biological parents to their offspring

Question 7

mental wellbeing (the biopsychosocial approach)

Answer 7

an individual’s current psychological state, involving their ability to think, process information, and regulate emotions

Question 8

emotional development

Answer 8

the continuous, lifelong development of skills that allow individuals to control, express, and recognise emotions in an appropriate way

Question 9

attachment

Answer 9

a long–lasting emotional bond between two individuals. Secure, insecure-avoidant and insecure-anxious attachment

Question 10

secure attachment

Answer 10

a style of attachment in which a strong, healthy emotional bond is formed between the infant and their primary caregiver due to the caregiver consistently meeting the needs of the infant

Question 11

insecure-avoidant attachment

Answer 11

a style of attachment in which the infant may avoid or be reluctant to receive contact from their primary caregiver, usually due to the caregiver not responding to the infant’s needs.

Question 12

insecure-anxious attachment

Answer 12

a style of attachment in which the infant fluctuates between clinging to and rejecting their primary caregiver, usually due to the caregiver inconsistently meeting the infant’s need

Question 13

4 stages of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

Answer 13

sensorimotor (0-2 years), preoperational (2-7 years), concrete operational (7-12 years), formal operational (12+)

Question 14

risk factors

Answer 14

contribute to the likelihood of a person either suffering from a mental disorder.

Question 15

protective factors

Answer 15

guard against onset or relapse by supporting a persons general wellbeing

Question 16

assimilation

Answer 16

The process of taking in new information and fitting it into and making it part of an existing mental idea about objects or the world​. A young child may see a truck and call it a car

Question 17

accommodation

Answer 17

Refers to changing an existing mental idea in order to fit new information​. The young child realises that trucks are in fact different to cars

Question 18

sensorimotor stage key cognitive accomplishments

Answer 18

0-2 years. Object permanence. Goal directed behaviour

Question 19

egocentrism

Answer 19

the inability to see things from others’ point of view

Question 20

animism

Answer 20

the belief that everything has a consciousness

Question 21

transformation

Answer 21

understanding that something can change from one state (form or structure) to another.

Question 22

centration

Answer 22

The child can only focus on one quality or feature of an object at a time​

Question 23

reversibility

Answer 23

is the ability to mentally follow a sequence of events or line of reasoning back to its starting point.

Question 24

concrete operational stage

Answer 24

7-12 years. key cognitive accomplishments include conservation and classification

Question 25

conservation

Answer 25

the understanding that certain properties of an object can remain the same even when its appearance changes

Question 26

classification

Answer 26

the ability to organise objects or events into categories based on common features that set them apart from other categories

Question 27

formal operational stage

Answer 27

12+ years. Key cognitive accomplishments include abstract thinking and logical thinking (maths)

Question 28

what are the elements of alber bandura’s observational learning

Answer 28

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation and reinforcement

Question 29

attention (observational learning)

Answer 29

Learner actively watches models behaviour

Question 30

retention (observational learning)

Answer 30

Learner stores the memory in a mental representation to be used later

Question 31

reproduction (observational learning)

Answer 31

The learner is able to replicate what was observed.​ **note: at this point the learner has NOT ACTED, this stage is about the ability to act.

Question 32

motivation (observational learning)

Answer 32

The learner must want to perform the learned behaviour.​ There needs to be a desirable consequence

Question 33

reinforcement (observational learning)

Answer 33

The learner is reinforced or punished when the behaviour has been performed.​

Question 34

what are the 3 stages of bandura’s experiments

Answer 34

1. modelling, 2. aggression arousal, 3. test for delayed imitation

Question 35

modelling (bandura’s experiments)

Answer 35

children were individually shown into a room containing toys and played in a corner for 10 minutes. then a male or female model behaved aggressively towards a bobo doll or they played nicely with it.

Question 36

stage 2: aggression arousal

Answer 36

As soon as the child started to play with the toys the experimenter told the child that these were the experimenter’s very best toys and she had decided to reserve them for the other children

Question 37

stage 3: test for delayed imitation

Answer 37

The child was in the room for 20 minutes and their behaviour was observed and rated through a one-way mirror to see if they would imitate the model or not.

Question 38

pre operational key accomplishments (5) 2-7

Answer 38

egocentrism, animism, reversibility, centration, transformation