Unit 2 Flashcards
what did Parsons and Shils, two sociologists from 1951, state?
that every individual is confronted by the same situations, no matter the country of origin
- Affectivity(emotive character)/affective neutrality (rationality)
- Particularism/universalism
- Collectivity orientation/self-orientation
- Ascription(ethnic, social class, gender)/ achievement
- Diffuseness(no limitations to the nature of relations)/ specificity (limits)
Five dichotomy pattern variables that represent the value orientations, according to Parsons and Shils
Variations of Activity orientation (goals)
- Being
- Being in becoming
- Doing
Variations of relational orientation (social structure)
- Hierarchical
- Collectivist
- Individualist
Variations of the Human nature orientation
- Bad
- Mixture of good and bad
- Good
Variations of the Relationship of humankind to nature
- People subject to nature
- People in harmony with nature
- Mastery over nature
Variables in time orientation
- Past
- Present
- Future
What did Trumpenaars and Hampden-Turnes focus on?
communication and bussiness and management world. Each culture has its own way to solve universal problems
- Universalism/particularism
- Collectivism/ individualism
- Affective relationships/neutral
- Achievement/ascription
- Time: sequential(one activity)/ syncronic
- Relation to the environment: Inner/outer-directed(external control: sensitive to the environment, seeking harmony)
Trompenaars and Hampden-Turnes dichotomy patterns
What is Edward T Hall famous for?
The founder of the study of intercultural communication
What did Hall study?
human use of space, time and context in different cultures
What was Halls conclusion from his intercultural communication studies?
Context is everything. The environment in which the communication takes place define the communication
What are proxemics?
The study of the human use of space
4 different distances in proxemics
- Intimate (0-45cm)
- Personal (46-120cm)
- Social (121-360 cm)
- Public (<361 cm)
Two different types of context
High context and low context
High or low context?
- Explicit
- Context is not important
- thinking-focused
- Result oriented
Low Context
High or low context?
- Implicit
- Context is everything
- Feeling-focused
- Relationship-oriented
High context
Monochronic or Polychronic?
- one thing at a time
- the job comes first. work is clearly separable from personal time
- Long-term planning and take deadlines seriously
- Low-context and need information
- Are committed to results
- Concerned about not disturbing others, respect privacy
- Respect for private property, seldom borrow and lend
Monochronic
Monochronic or Polychronic?
- Multi-tasking
- Work is subject to interruptions. Relationships are most important. Work time is not clearly separable from personal time
- Short term or no planning and consider schedules as objectives to be met if possible
- High-context and already have knowledge
. Are committed to relationships
- Change plans often and easily
- Intimacy between families, friends and close business associates
- Borrow and lend often and easily
Polychronic
