Unit 2

Question 1

what did Parsons and Shils, two sociologists from 1951, state?

Answer 1

that every individual is confronted by the same situations, no matter the country of origin

Question 2

1. Affectivity(emotive character)/affective neutrality (rationality)
2. Particularism/universalism
3. Collectivity orientation/self-orientation
4. Ascription(ethnic, social class, gender)/ achievement
5. Diffuseness(no limitations to the nature of relations)/ specificity (limits)

Answer 2

Five dichotomy pattern variables that represent the value orientations, according to Parsons and Shils

Question 3

Variations of Activity orientation (goals)

Answer 3

1. Being
2. Being in becoming
3. Doing

Question 4

Variations of relational orientation (social structure)

Answer 4

1. Hierarchical
2. Collectivist
3. Individualist

Question 5

Variations of the Human nature orientation

Answer 5

1. Bad
2. Mixture of good and bad
3. Good

Question 6

Variations of the Relationship of humankind to nature

Answer 6

1. People subject to nature
2. People in harmony with nature
3. Mastery over nature

Question 7

Variables in time orientation

Answer 7

1. Past
2. Present
3. Future

Question 8

What did Trumpenaars and Hampden-Turnes focus on?

Answer 8

communication and bussiness and management world. Each culture has its own way to solve universal problems

Question 9

1. Universalism/particularism
2. Collectivism/ individualism
3. Affective relationships/neutral
4. Achievement/ascription
5. Time: sequential(one activity)/ syncronic
6. Relation to the environment: Inner/outer-directed(external control: sensitive to the environment, seeking harmony)

Answer 9

Trompenaars and Hampden-Turnes dichotomy patterns

Question 10

What is Edward T Hall famous for?

Answer 10

The founder of the study of intercultural communication

Question 11

What did Hall study?

Answer 11

human use of space, time and context in different cultures

Question 12

What was Halls conclusion from his intercultural communication studies?

Answer 12

Context is everything. The environment in which the communication takes place define the communication

Question 13

What are proxemics?

Answer 13

The study of the human use of space

Question 14

4 different distances in proxemics

Answer 14

1. Intimate (0-45cm)
2. Personal (46-120cm)
3. Social (121-360 cm)
4. Public (<361 cm)

Question 15

Two different types of context

Answer 15

High context and low context

Question 16

High or low context?

• Explicit
• Context is not important
• thinking-focused
• Result oriented

Answer 16

Low Context

Question 17

High or low context?

• Implicit
• Context is everything
• Feeling-focused
• Relationship-oriented

Answer 17

High context

Question 18

Monochronic or Polychronic?

• one thing at a time
• the job comes first. work is clearly separable from personal time
• Long-term planning and take deadlines seriously
• Low-context and need information
• Are committed to results
• Concerned about not disturbing others, respect privacy
• Respect for private property, seldom borrow and lend

Answer 18

Monochronic

Question 19

Monochronic or Polychronic?
- Multi-tasking
- Work is subject to interruptions. Relationships are most important. Work time is not clearly separable from personal time
- Short term or no planning and consider schedules as objectives to be met if possible
- High-context and already have knowledge
. Are committed to relationships
- Change plans often and easily
- Intimacy between families, friends and close business associates
- Borrow and lend often and easily

Answer 19

Polychronic