Unit 1 Flashcards
When did the concept of culture appear?
The enlightenment period. Around the 18th century
What does culture mean?
It come from latin, and stems from agriculture.
It is about cultivating the mind
What was culture identified as when the concept first appeared?
Civilization. It was connected with people that had refined manners
What is Hofstede’s iceberg model an example of?
Culture shapes us in manners that we can’t see. A mental software is created from everything that we experience throughout life, especially in early childhood
What are some of the aspects to a culture that we do not see?
beauty standars, individualism, collectivism
the belief that your culture/ethnicity is the correct way to act. The best way to act
Ethnocentrism
Is there only one definition of a culture?
no. it is polemic.
What do A.R Holliday say about the discourses of culture?
We both construct, and are constructed by, the discourses of culture
What do Fay B say about the impacts of other cultures on our own?
Both the rejection and acceptance of another culture are equally impacting ones culture.
how do we distinguish migrants on time of changed residency?
Short-term (more than three months, but less than a year)
long-term(at least one year
What are reasons to the growth of migration?
conflicts, inequality, violence, environmental disasters, family unifications as well as easier menas for travelling
Who can we understand when studying cultures?
Ourselves and others
What are these factors to?
- Economic factor: development of a global marketplace
- Education: student mobility
- Arts: museums, festivals, international movies
- Gastronomy
- Social media
- Political initiatives
- International institutions
- Religions together in one place
- Sports
The growth of cultural diversity
Two modern inventions that have played an important role in globalization
Transport improvements and technological improvements
A term coined by McLuhan, talking about how the world will “get smaller” and be as a village. They will be connected through technology, media, transport and they will create a shared group mind
The “Global village”
Why did it take time to study culture as a dynamic phenomenon?
It is constantly reconstructed, and due to the ethnocentrism
8 Components of cultures
- Values
- symbols
- heroes
- rituals
- Norms
- Religion
- Language
- ethnicity
Abstract and general ideas that are important to us
Values
What is one of the most important comparative international research in social science?
The world values survey.
What did the world values survey study?
the attitudes/ opinions and values of people in the world
Societies create new ones all the time, and the reality for humans are found in the meaning things carry with them
Symbols
The things people say or do as a result of their attitudes, beliefs or values
Behavior
People who can be considered as models for behavior
Heroes
How to greet, social and religious ceremonies
Rituals
Rules and expectations by which a society guides its members behaviour
Norms
Things we should not do
Proscriptive norms
What we should do
Proscriptive norms
4 types of norms
- Folkways, customs
- Mores
- Taboos
- Laws
social institution involving believes and practices based upon a conception of the sacred
Religion
symbols that allow people to communicate with one another. Structures and shapes our experience of the world and what we see around us
Language
What is the Sapir-Whorf thesis?
That language impacts how we perceive the world
Cultural practices and outlooks of a given community of people that set them apart from others
Ethnicity
Is ethnicity purely biologic?
no
What are the two dimensions of cultural practices?
- Material culture. Tangible
2. Nonmaterial culture. Intangible
Culture is:
- Universal
- Learned, socially shared and transmitted
- Stable
- Dynamica nd adaptive
- Heterogeneous and particular
- Subjective and cumulative
- Unique
UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity from 2001
Why is culture unique?
it is created and produced by human beings
7 types of cultures
- High culture
- Mass culture, popular culture, low cultures
- Global culture
- Mainstream culture
- Minority culture
- subculture
- counterculture
cultural products of lasting value, admired and approved by the elites
High culture
mass produced, standardized, short lived cultural products produced for sale to ordinary people
mass, popular, low cultures
Cultures in different parts of the world have become more integrated
Global cultures
what is globalization + localization?
Goods and services can be enjoyed in different part of the world, and they will adapt themselves to the specific market
Negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own culture
ethnocentrism
The practice of evaluating a culture by that culture’s own standard
Cultural Relativism
Main culture in a society, which is accepted by the majority of the people
Mainstream culture
Shares some traits with the dominant culture, but has less power
Minority culture
smaller culture held by a group of people within the main culture of a society
subculture
a subculture that rejects and opposes those norms widely accepted within a society
counterculture
How we consider ourselves, how the others consider us and how we think they consider us.
Identity
Affectivity (emotive character)
affective neutrality (rationality)
Particularism
Universalism( always apply the same norm)
Collectivity orientation
self-orientation (actions taken to satisfy ones interest)
Ascription (ethnic, social class, gender)
Achievement
Diffuseness (no limits to the nature of relations)
Specificity (limits)
Time: sequential (one activity)
Synchronic
Relation to environment: inner directed
Outer-directed (external control: sensitive to the environment, seeking harmony)
What is McDonaldization?
A term invented by Ritzer to describe a sociological phenomenon that is happening around us
What are the four dimensions of Ritzer’s McDonaldization model?
- Efficiency
- Calculability
- Predictability
- Control
