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Cultural differences and interculturality > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

When did the concept of culture appear?

A

The enlightenment period. Around the 18th century

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2
Q

What does culture mean?

A

It come from latin, and stems from agriculture.

It is about cultivating the mind

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3
Q

What was culture identified as when the concept first appeared?

A

Civilization. It was connected with people that had refined manners

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4
Q

What is Hofstede’s iceberg model an example of?

A

Culture shapes us in manners that we can’t see. A mental software is created from everything that we experience throughout life, especially in early childhood

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5
Q

What are some of the aspects to a culture that we do not see?

A

beauty standars, individualism, collectivism

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6
Q

the belief that your culture/ethnicity is the correct way to act. The best way to act

A

Ethnocentrism

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7
Q

Is there only one definition of a culture?

A

no. it is polemic.

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8
Q

What do A.R Holliday say about the discourses of culture?

A

We both construct, and are constructed by, the discourses of culture

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9
Q

What do Fay B say about the impacts of other cultures on our own?

A

Both the rejection and acceptance of another culture are equally impacting ones culture.

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10
Q

how do we distinguish migrants on time of changed residency?

A

Short-term (more than three months, but less than a year)

long-term(at least one year

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11
Q

What are reasons to the growth of migration?

A

conflicts, inequality, violence, environmental disasters, family unifications as well as easier menas for travelling

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12
Q

Who can we understand when studying cultures?

A

Ourselves and others

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13
Q

What are these factors to?

  1. Economic factor: development of a global marketplace
  2. Education: student mobility
  3. Arts: museums, festivals, international movies
  4. Gastronomy
  5. Social media
  6. Political initiatives
  7. International institutions
  8. Religions together in one place
  9. Sports
A

The growth of cultural diversity

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14
Q

Two modern inventions that have played an important role in globalization

A

Transport improvements and technological improvements

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15
Q

A term coined by McLuhan, talking about how the world will “get smaller” and be as a village. They will be connected through technology, media, transport and they will create a shared group mind

A

The “Global village”

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16
Q

Why did it take time to study culture as a dynamic phenomenon?

A

It is constantly reconstructed, and due to the ethnocentrism

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17
Q

8 Components of cultures

A
  1. Values
  2. symbols
  3. heroes
  4. rituals
  5. Norms
  6. Religion
  7. Language
  8. ethnicity
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18
Q

Abstract and general ideas that are important to us

A

Values

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19
Q

What is one of the most important comparative international research in social science?

A

The world values survey.

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20
Q

What did the world values survey study?

A

the attitudes/ opinions and values of people in the world

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21
Q

Societies create new ones all the time, and the reality for humans are found in the meaning things carry with them

A

Symbols

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22
Q

The things people say or do as a result of their attitudes, beliefs or values

A

Behavior

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23
Q

People who can be considered as models for behavior

A

Heroes

24
Q

How to greet, social and religious ceremonies

A

Rituals

25
Q

Rules and expectations by which a society guides its members behaviour

A

Norms

26
Q

Things we should not do

A

Proscriptive norms

27
Q

What we should do

A

Proscriptive norms

28
Q

4 types of norms

A
  1. Folkways, customs
  2. Mores
  3. Taboos
  4. Laws
29
Q

social institution involving believes and practices based upon a conception of the sacred

A

Religion

30
Q

symbols that allow people to communicate with one another. Structures and shapes our experience of the world and what we see around us

A

Language

31
Q

What is the Sapir-Whorf thesis?

A

That language impacts how we perceive the world

32
Q

Cultural practices and outlooks of a given community of people that set them apart from others

A

Ethnicity

33
Q

Is ethnicity purely biologic?

A

no

34
Q

What are the two dimensions of cultural practices?

A
  1. Material culture. Tangible

2. Nonmaterial culture. Intangible

35
Q

Culture is:

  • Universal
  • Learned, socially shared and transmitted
  • Stable
  • Dynamica nd adaptive
  • Heterogeneous and particular
  • Subjective and cumulative
  • Unique
A

UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity from 2001

36
Q

Why is culture unique?

A

it is created and produced by human beings

37
Q

7 types of cultures

A
  1. High culture
  2. Mass culture, popular culture, low cultures
  3. Global culture
  4. Mainstream culture
  5. Minority culture
  6. subculture
  7. counterculture
38
Q

cultural products of lasting value, admired and approved by the elites

A

High culture

39
Q

mass produced, standardized, short lived cultural products produced for sale to ordinary people

A

mass, popular, low cultures

40
Q

Cultures in different parts of the world have become more integrated

A

Global cultures

41
Q

what is globalization + localization?

A

Goods and services can be enjoyed in different part of the world, and they will adapt themselves to the specific market

42
Q

Negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own culture

A

ethnocentrism

43
Q

The practice of evaluating a culture by that culture’s own standard

A

Cultural Relativism

44
Q

Main culture in a society, which is accepted by the majority of the people

A

Mainstream culture

45
Q

Shares some traits with the dominant culture, but has less power

A

Minority culture

46
Q

smaller culture held by a group of people within the main culture of a society

A

subculture

47
Q

a subculture that rejects and opposes those norms widely accepted within a society

A

counterculture

48
Q

How we consider ourselves, how the others consider us and how we think they consider us.

A

Identity

49
Q

Affectivity (emotive character)

A

affective neutrality (rationality)

50
Q

Particularism

A

Universalism( always apply the same norm)

51
Q

Collectivity orientation

A

self-orientation (actions taken to satisfy ones interest)

52
Q

Ascription (ethnic, social class, gender)

A

Achievement

53
Q

Diffuseness (no limits to the nature of relations)

A

Specificity (limits)

54
Q

Time: sequential (one activity)

A

Synchronic

55
Q

Relation to environment: inner directed

A

Outer-directed (external control: sensitive to the environment, seeking harmony)

56
Q

What is McDonaldization?

A

A term invented by Ritzer to describe a sociological phenomenon that is happening around us

57
Q

What are the four dimensions of Ritzer’s McDonaldization model?

A
  1. Efficiency
  2. Calculability
  3. Predictability
  4. Control

Cultural differences and interculturality (10 decks)

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