UNIT 2 Flashcards
Motor Neuron
Motor Neurons, multipolar, are part of the CNS and control muscle movement.
Sensory Neuron
Sensory Neurons, unipolar, are part of PNS and react to stimuli from the external environment and convert it into an electrical impulse.
InterNeuron
Interneurons, bipolar, are part of the CNS and connect the Motor Neuron and the Sensory Neuron.
Myelin Sheath
Myelin Sheath is an insulating layer around the nerves that protect the nerves from other electrical impulses and allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently.
Cell Body
The Cell Body is the sphere that contains the nucleus and connects to the dendrites/axons.
Nucleus
The Nucleus is in the Cell Body and contains the cell’s DNA.
Axon Terminals
Axon Terminals conduct electrical signals to each axon through a synapse.
Dendrites
Dendrites receive stimulation and conduct external messages to the cell body.
Nodes of Ranvier
The Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the Myelin Sheath and facilitates the rapid conduction of the nerve impulses.
Cell Membrane
The layer that surrounds the cell.
Synapse
Synapse permits a neuron to pass an electrical signal to another neuron.
PNS
PNS = nerves
CNS
CNS = brain and spinal cord
How does the PNS and the CNS work together?
The sensory receptors(PNS) gather information from external stimulation and sends this information the brain or the spinal cord(CNS). Then, once the information is processed, orders are sent in the form of nerve impulses, which then carries out the order.
Name the parts of the brain.
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Cerebellum, Brainstem (Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata), Spinal Cord.
Action Potential
An electrical message that allows for a signal to travel from the dendrites to the axon terminals of a neuron.
Sodium Potassium Pump
The Sodium Potassium Pump is powered by ATP and works to keep a balance of Sodium and Potassium in and out of the cell.
The Resting Phase
RMP of the membrane is -70 mV. Sodium is slowly coming in while Potassium is slowly going out to reach an equal concentration.
Depolarization Phase
Membrane Potential moves towards 0. The NA+ channels open and NA+ goes into the cell, while the K+ channels close. There is a reversal of charges(outside is negative, inside is positive)
Repolarization Phase
K+ channels open and K+ goes out of the cell, while NA+ channels close. There is a reversal of charges(outside is positive, inside is negative)
Hyperpolarization Phase
The Potassium Pump is slow to close, so too many K+ ions move across the membrane causing the membrane to overshoot the resting potential.
Return to Resting Phase
The Sodium Potassium Pump moves 3 NA ions out for every 2 K ions in to reestablish the resting membrane potential.
Motor Cortex
The Motor Cortex is responsible for sending impulses that cause movement.
Sensory Cortex
The Sensory Cortex is responsible for gathering and making sense out of information from our 5 senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, sound).
Vision involves the…
Occipital Lobe
Happiness involves the…
Amygdala
Muscle Coordination involves the…
Cerebellum
Breathing involves the…
Medulla Oblongata
Language Understanding involves the…
Temporal Lobe(Wernicke’s area)
Thirst and Hunger involves the…
Hypothalamus
Speech Production involves the…
Temporal Lobe
Movement involves the…
Cerebellum
Smell involves the…
Olfactory Bulb
Reasoning involves the…
Frontal Lobe
Long Term Memory involves the…
Cerebrum
Hearing involves the…
Temporal Lobe
Taste involves the…
Parietal Lobe
Balance involves the…
Cerebellum
Sleeping and Waking involves the…
Pons
Bodily Sensations involves the…
Parietal Lobe
Blood Pressure Regulation involves the…
Brain Stem
Problem Solving involves the…
Frontal Lobe
Definition of AFFERENT
Neurons that receive information from stimuli and transmit this input to the central nervous system.(Sensory Neurons)
Definition of EFFERENT
Neurons that send impulses from the central nervous system to your limbs and organs are called efferent neurons. (Inter + Motor Neurons)
Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters can be found in the vesicles and when an electrical impulse occurs, they go into the synaptic cleft toa attach to the receiving cell.
Synaptic Vesicles
Contain Neurotransmitters and are found in the Axon.
Cause and Effect of ALS
Cause: Cause is unknown—partly genetic—motor neurons deteriorate and muscles (voluntary and involuntary) waste away
Effect: Person becomes weaker and weaker as muscles waste away and limbs shrink. Voluntary movement becomes more difficult and eventually involuntary movement too.
Cause and Effect of Parkinson’s
Cause: Neurons in the substantia nigra die and cannot produce dopamine or norepinephrine. This may be inherited or caused by toxins or stress (or some combination of factors).
Effect: Lack of dopamine reduces signals between the substantia nigra and corpus striatum (preventing smooth, purposeful movement). Often leads to tremors, slow movement, and stiffness
Cause and Effect of Multiple Sclerosis
Cause: The immune system attacks the myelin sheath of nerves in the CNS, leaving scar tissue (plaque).
Effect: Nerves do not conduct as well, leading to numbness, vision loss, pins and needles feelings, difficulty walking, weakness, and worsening over time.
Cause and Effect of Alzheimer’s
Cause: Possibly linked to lack of acetylcholine, cause largely unknown, age worsens, somewhat genetic, brain cells deteriorate and brain shrinks
Effect: Memory, thinking, language and reasoning deteriorate as a result of nerve cell death and tissue loss—the brain literally shrinks and functions decline
Cause and Effect of Huntington’s
Cause: Inherited disorder, dominant, found on 4th chromosome, CAG repeat causes overproduction of a protein that builds up until it becomes toxic
Effect: Protein build-up kills cells in basal ganglia, slows cognitive processes. Also causes mood swings and hallucinations—striking at age 30-50 and then worsening
Cause and Effect of Epilepsy
Cause: Cause unknown, may be low O2 at birth, head trauma, infection—resulting high level of excitatory neurotransmitters leads to uncontrolled neural firing
Effect: Sudden bursts of uncontrollable neural firing lead to uncontrolled muscle movements, falls, distorted vision—affects the function of the whole brain.
