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Human Body Systems > UNIT 2 > Flashcards

UNIT 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Motor Neuron

A

Motor Neurons, multipolar, are part of the CNS and control muscle movement.

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2
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

Sensory Neurons, unipolar, are part of PNS and react to stimuli from the external environment and convert it into an electrical impulse.

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3
Q

InterNeuron

A

Interneurons, bipolar, are part of the CNS and connect the Motor Neuron and the Sensory Neuron.

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4
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Myelin Sheath is an insulating layer around the nerves that protect the nerves from other electrical impulses and allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently.

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5
Q

Cell Body

A

The Cell Body is the sphere that contains the nucleus and connects to the dendrites/axons.

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6
Q

Nucleus

A

The Nucleus is in the Cell Body and contains the cell’s DNA.

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7
Q

Axon Terminals

A

Axon Terminals conduct electrical signals to each axon through a synapse.

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8
Q

Dendrites

A

Dendrites receive stimulation and conduct external messages to the cell body.

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9
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

The Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the Myelin Sheath and facilitates the rapid conduction of the nerve impulses.

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10
Q

Cell Membrane

A

The layer that surrounds the cell.

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11
Q

Synapse

A

Synapse permits a neuron to pass an electrical signal to another neuron.

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12
Q

PNS

A

PNS = nerves

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13
Q

CNS

A

CNS = brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

How does the PNS and the CNS work together?

A

The sensory receptors(PNS) gather information from external stimulation and sends this information the brain or the spinal cord(CNS). Then, once the information is processed, orders are sent in the form of nerve impulses, which then carries out the order.

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15
Q

Name the parts of the brain.

A

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Cerebellum, Brainstem (Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata), Spinal Cord.

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16
Q

Action Potential

A

An electrical message that allows for a signal to travel from the dendrites to the axon terminals of a neuron.

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17
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A

The Sodium Potassium Pump is powered by ATP and works to keep a balance of Sodium and Potassium in and out of the cell.

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18
Q

The Resting Phase

A

RMP of the membrane is -70 mV. Sodium is slowly coming in while Potassium is slowly going out to reach an equal concentration.

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19
Q

Depolarization Phase

A

Membrane Potential moves towards 0. The NA+ channels open and NA+ goes into the cell, while the K+ channels close. There is a reversal of charges(outside is negative, inside is positive)

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20
Q

Repolarization Phase

A

K+ channels open and K+ goes out of the cell, while NA+ channels close. There is a reversal of charges(outside is positive, inside is negative)

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21
Q

Hyperpolarization Phase

A

The Potassium Pump is slow to close, so too many K+ ions move across the membrane causing the membrane to overshoot the resting potential.

22
Q

Return to Resting Phase

A

The Sodium Potassium Pump moves 3 NA ions out for every 2 K ions in to reestablish the resting membrane potential.

23
Q

Motor Cortex

A

The Motor Cortex is responsible for sending impulses that cause movement.

24
Q

Sensory Cortex

A

The Sensory Cortex is responsible for gathering and making sense out of information from our 5 senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, sound).

25
Q

Vision involves the…

A

Occipital Lobe

26
Q

Happiness involves the…

A

Amygdala

27
Q

Muscle Coordination involves the…

A

Cerebellum

28
Q

Breathing involves the…

A

Medulla Oblongata

29
Q

Language Understanding involves the…

A

Temporal Lobe(Wernicke’s area)

30
Q

Thirst and Hunger involves the…

A

Hypothalamus

31
Q

Speech Production involves the…

A

Temporal Lobe

32
Q

Movement involves the…

A

Cerebellum

33
Q

Smell involves the…

A

Olfactory Bulb

34
Q

Reasoning involves the…

A

Frontal Lobe

35
Q

Long Term Memory involves the…

A

Cerebrum

36
Q

Hearing involves the…

A

Temporal Lobe

37
Q

Taste involves the…

A

Parietal Lobe

38
Q

Balance involves the…

A

Cerebellum

39
Q

Sleeping and Waking involves the…

A

Pons

40
Q

Bodily Sensations involves the…

A

Parietal Lobe

41
Q

Blood Pressure Regulation involves the…

A

Brain Stem

42
Q

Problem Solving involves the…

A

Frontal Lobe

43
Q

Definition of AFFERENT

A

Neurons that receive information from stimuli and transmit this input to the central nervous system.(Sensory Neurons)

44
Q

Definition of EFFERENT

A

Neurons that send impulses from the central nervous system to your limbs and organs are called efferent neurons. (Inter + Motor Neurons)

45
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Neurotransmitters can be found in the vesicles and when an electrical impulse occurs, they go into the synaptic cleft toa attach to the receiving cell.

46
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A

Contain Neurotransmitters and are found in the Axon.

47
Q

Cause and Effect of ALS

A

Cause: Cause is unknown—partly genetic—motor neurons deteriorate and muscles (voluntary and involuntary) waste away

Effect: Person becomes weaker and weaker as muscles waste away and limbs shrink. Voluntary movement becomes more difficult and eventually involuntary movement too.

48
Q

Cause and Effect of Parkinson’s

A

Cause: Neurons in the substantia nigra die and cannot produce dopamine or norepinephrine. This may be inherited or caused by toxins or stress (or some combination of factors).

Effect: Lack of dopamine reduces signals between the substantia nigra and corpus striatum (preventing smooth, purposeful movement). Often leads to tremors, slow movement, and stiffness

49
Q

Cause and Effect of Multiple Sclerosis

A

Cause: The immune system attacks the myelin sheath of nerves in the CNS, leaving scar tissue (plaque).

Effect: Nerves do not conduct as well, leading to numbness, vision loss, pins and needles feelings, difficulty walking, weakness, and worsening over time.

50
Q

Cause and Effect of Alzheimer’s

A

Cause: Possibly linked to lack of acetylcholine, cause largely unknown, age worsens, somewhat genetic, brain cells deteriorate and brain shrinks

Effect: Memory, thinking, language and reasoning deteriorate as a result of nerve cell death and tissue loss—the brain literally shrinks and functions decline

51
Q

Cause and Effect of Huntington’s

A

Cause: Inherited disorder, dominant, found on 4th chromosome, CAG repeat causes overproduction of a protein that builds up until it becomes toxic

Effect: Protein build-up kills cells in basal ganglia, slows cognitive processes. Also causes mood swings and hallucinations—striking at age 30-50 and then worsening

52
Q

Cause and Effect of Epilepsy

A

Cause: Cause unknown, may be low O2 at birth, head trauma, infection—resulting high level of excitatory neurotransmitters leads to uncontrolled neural firing

Effect: Sudden bursts of uncontrollable neural firing lead to uncontrolled muscle movements, falls, distorted vision—affects the function of the whole brain.

Human Body Systems (8 decks)

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