unit 2 Flashcards
how is the effective nuclear charge calculated?
electrons are attracted to nucleus and also repelled by inner shells Zeff= Z-S
how does effective nuclear charge change throughout the periodic table?
increases across, decreases down.
what are the smallest and biggest ATOMIC RADIUS?
Cs is biggest, He is smallest
how does atomic radius work?
the same as effective nuclear charge
what determines the size of ions?
nuclear charge, # of electrons, amount of orbitals.
how do outward charges affect the size of ions?
anions make slightly larger ions due to e- repulsion, cations make it slightly smaller.
what is an isoelectronic series?
series where ions have the same number of electrons. the ionic size decreases with the increasing nuclear charge
what is ionization energy?
the minimum energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom. higher ionization energy means harder to remove an electron.
why are there sometimes “dog legs” in ionization energy?
the electrons are taken from different shell to stabilize the atom, or the shells are only half full, and therefore stable in a way too
periodic trends in first ionization energy
generally increases across a period, and decreases going down.
what is electron affinity?
energy change that comes with the addition if an electron. often exothermic, gives off heat.
what is electronegativity
ability of atoms to attract a bonding pair of electrons
how does visible light spectrum work?
red= lowest frequency, violet= highest frequency
what happens when electrons jump valence rings?
when it jumps up, it absorbs energy. when it jumps down it releases. the further it is, the less energy.
what is hunds rule?
empty bus seat, there must been electron in each shell before they start pairing.
