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Grade 12 Chemistry > Organic chemistry test > Flashcards

Organic chemistry test Flashcards

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1
Q

what is classified as “organic”?

A

consists of carbon and hydrogen, anything that is living or was once living

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2
Q

what is alkane

A

a hydrocarbon with single bonds

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3
Q

what is alkene

A

a hydrocarbon with at least one double bond

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4
Q

what is alkyne

A

a hydrocarbon with at least one triple bond

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5
Q

what are the prefixes?

A

methane, eth, prop, but, pen, hex, kept, oct, non, deca

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6
Q

what does saturated mean?

A

maximum amount of hydrogen, refers to the general formula

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7
Q

what to think when you’re naming

A

what am I naming, how many are there, where are they?

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8
Q

how to name the shape ones

A

cyclo- ___ ane/ene/yne

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9
Q

what is a homologous series

A

a series of compounds with the same functional group. they have similar chemical properties, such as methane, ethane ect.

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10
Q

how does boiling point change with the length of the chain?

A

it increases as the chain gets longer

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11
Q

why does the boiling point increase with the amount of carbon?

A

the dispersion forces become larger with larger molecule sizes.

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12
Q

solubility rules?

A

polar dissolves polar, vice versa

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13
Q

how does volatility work?

A

it becomes more volatile as the boiling point goes down. this is bc as the compound becomes easier to boil, it becomes vapours easily as well.

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14
Q

what are aldehydes?

A

double bond “o” at the end, to form -CHO (HO is used to show it isn’t an alcohol)

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15
Q

what is the naming rule for aldehydes?

A

suffix of “al”, like methanal, ethenal, propanal

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16
Q

what are ketones?

A

a double bond O in the middle of a chain.

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17
Q

how are ketones named?

A

suffix of “none”, no such thing as methanone or ethanone, propane and butane don’t need specifics on where the bond is.

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18
Q

what are carboxylic acids?

A

also known as alkanoic acid, double bond O and OH, written as -COOH

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19
Q

how to name carboxylic acids?

A

suffix of (-oic acid) carboxylic acids can only be on the end, in the case where theyre on both ends, its named as (-dioic acid)

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20
Q

what is the order of priority with naming?

A

hydroxyls, alkanes, alkynes, alkenes, hallogens.

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21
Q

what are the prefixes for the halogens?

A

br- bromo, i- iodo, cl- chloro, f- fluoro.

22
Q

what is named based on alphabetical-ity? (?)

A

multiple substituents, and haloalkenes go alphabetical (if both are same amount into a chain)

23
Q

what are alcohols?

A

-OH added to a carbon chain, can be added anywhere

24
Q

how are alcohols named?

A

they get priority, suffix of ‘-ol’

25
Q

what are ethers?

A

an O in the middle of a carbon chain. \O/

26
Q

how to name ethers?

A

suffix of “-yl ether” name alphabetically, naming chains on their own, like ethyl methyl ether.

27
Q

what is the cheater for ethers?

A

when there is a methane attached to the O its called a(n) “oxy.” like 3-methoxyl hexane.

28
Q

what are esters?

A

double bond O with an O coming off the carbon. R-COO-R1

used as flavours in candy bc they smell fruity

29
Q

how to name esters?

A

suffix of “anoate” chain coming off of the single bond O is named first, and the carbon all caught up in the O’s is always numbered first. carboxylic acids are also esters.

30
Q

what are amines?

A

Nitrogen on a carbon chain. has two valence electrons.

31
Q

how to name amines?

A

suffix “-amine” degree of amine is dependent on how many carbons are attached to it. name the location of chains off of nitrogen by using N instead of using numbers.

32
Q

what are amides?

A

like esters but with an added random NITROGEN? carbon double bonded O, other O coming off the carbon, with an N on that O.

33
Q

how to name amides?

A

name the parent chain normally, add the suffix “-amide” no location required bc its always on the end. if its not a primary nitrogen, name it by locating the other chains with N.

34
Q

what is benzene

A

a cycloheptane that does not follow the characteristics it should, stabilizes itself. drawn as a hexagon with an o in it.

35
Q

how to name benzene?

A

name the branches alphabetically, in the smallest numbers you can.

36
Q

what is the cheating method for benzene naming?

A

call the benzene “phenyl” and name it on the chain like a halogen.

37
Q

what are instantaneous dipoles?

A

London dispersion forces, the larger molecules accidentally attract each other

38
Q

how do hydrogen bonds relate to dipole-dipole forces?

A

hydrogen bonds are 10X stronger than D-D or van Der Waal forces/

39
Q

what are isomers?

A

the variety of available molecules that can be created with a single formula. you can find this by taking a carbon from the end of a chain and moving it down, and then taking two and doing the same. first together, then apart.

40
Q

what are addition reactions?

A

used along double and triple bonds. its a method of hydrogenation. the addition of hydrogen breaks the bond. they happen to make the molecule more stable.

41
Q

what are substitution reactions

A

… good question.

42
Q

what is oxidation of alcohols?

A

a process used to increase oxygen and decrease hydrogen.

43
Q

how to oxidize alcohols?

A

first degree- alc. > aldehyde > carboxylic acid
2nd degree > ketone > no more reactions
3rd degree > can’t be oxidized.

44
Q

what is reduction?

A

the opposite of oxidization, increasing hydrogen and decrease oxygen

45
Q

what is markovnikovs rule?

A

the rich get richer

46
Q

what is a polymer?

A

a molecule that is made by linking carbon chains, monomers, for a long amount of time, like a paperclip in a paperclip chain. they’re made commonly by breaking a double bond.

47
Q

what is a condensation polymerization?

A

monomers (commonly esters or amides) joined together in polymer strands, they have water as a product that is taken out, it has too be added back in beside the bracket though.

48
Q

what is an example of a natural polymer?

A

cellulose.

49
Q

what are lipids?

A

very large carbon changes, not soluble in water. can commonly be fats, oils, or some waxes.

50
Q

benzene contains delocalized pi bonds, this means…

A

it forms a hexagon, it doesn’t undergo addition reactions, but substitution reactions. it is very stable.

Grade 12 Chemistry (8 decks)

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