Organic chemistry test Flashcards
what is classified as “organic”?
consists of carbon and hydrogen, anything that is living or was once living
what is alkane
a hydrocarbon with single bonds
what is alkene
a hydrocarbon with at least one double bond
what is alkyne
a hydrocarbon with at least one triple bond
what are the prefixes?
methane, eth, prop, but, pen, hex, kept, oct, non, deca
what does saturated mean?
maximum amount of hydrogen, refers to the general formula
what to think when you’re naming
what am I naming, how many are there, where are they?
how to name the shape ones
cyclo- ___ ane/ene/yne
what is a homologous series
a series of compounds with the same functional group. they have similar chemical properties, such as methane, ethane ect.
how does boiling point change with the length of the chain?
it increases as the chain gets longer
why does the boiling point increase with the amount of carbon?
the dispersion forces become larger with larger molecule sizes.
solubility rules?
polar dissolves polar, vice versa
how does volatility work?
it becomes more volatile as the boiling point goes down. this is bc as the compound becomes easier to boil, it becomes vapours easily as well.
what are aldehydes?
double bond “o” at the end, to form -CHO (HO is used to show it isn’t an alcohol)
what is the naming rule for aldehydes?
suffix of “al”, like methanal, ethenal, propanal
what are ketones?
a double bond O in the middle of a chain.
how are ketones named?
suffix of “none”, no such thing as methanone or ethanone, propane and butane don’t need specifics on where the bond is.
what are carboxylic acids?
also known as alkanoic acid, double bond O and OH, written as -COOH
how to name carboxylic acids?
suffix of (-oic acid) carboxylic acids can only be on the end, in the case where theyre on both ends, its named as (-dioic acid)
what is the order of priority with naming?
hydroxyls, alkanes, alkynes, alkenes, hallogens.
what are the prefixes for the halogens?
br- bromo, i- iodo, cl- chloro, f- fluoro.
what is named based on alphabetical-ity? (?)
multiple substituents, and haloalkenes go alphabetical (if both are same amount into a chain)
what are alcohols?
-OH added to a carbon chain, can be added anywhere
how are alcohols named?
they get priority, suffix of ‘-ol’
what are ethers?
an O in the middle of a carbon chain. \O/
how to name ethers?
suffix of “-yl ether” name alphabetically, naming chains on their own, like ethyl methyl ether.
what is the cheater for ethers?
when there is a methane attached to the O its called a(n) “oxy.” like 3-methoxyl hexane.
what are esters?
double bond O with an O coming off the carbon. R-COO-R1
used as flavours in candy bc they smell fruity
how to name esters?
suffix of “anoate” chain coming off of the single bond O is named first, and the carbon all caught up in the O’s is always numbered first. carboxylic acids are also esters.
what are amines?
Nitrogen on a carbon chain. has two valence electrons.
how to name amines?
suffix “-amine” degree of amine is dependent on how many carbons are attached to it. name the location of chains off of nitrogen by using N instead of using numbers.
what are amides?
like esters but with an added random NITROGEN? carbon double bonded O, other O coming off the carbon, with an N on that O.
how to name amides?
name the parent chain normally, add the suffix “-amide” no location required bc its always on the end. if its not a primary nitrogen, name it by locating the other chains with N.
what is benzene
a cycloheptane that does not follow the characteristics it should, stabilizes itself. drawn as a hexagon with an o in it.
how to name benzene?
name the branches alphabetically, in the smallest numbers you can.
what is the cheating method for benzene naming?
call the benzene “phenyl” and name it on the chain like a halogen.
what are instantaneous dipoles?
London dispersion forces, the larger molecules accidentally attract each other
how do hydrogen bonds relate to dipole-dipole forces?
hydrogen bonds are 10X stronger than D-D or van Der Waal forces/
what are isomers?
the variety of available molecules that can be created with a single formula. you can find this by taking a carbon from the end of a chain and moving it down, and then taking two and doing the same. first together, then apart.
what are addition reactions?
used along double and triple bonds. its a method of hydrogenation. the addition of hydrogen breaks the bond. they happen to make the molecule more stable.
what are substitution reactions
… good question.
what is oxidation of alcohols?
a process used to increase oxygen and decrease hydrogen.
how to oxidize alcohols?
first degree- alc. > aldehyde > carboxylic acid
2nd degree > ketone > no more reactions
3rd degree > can’t be oxidized.
what is reduction?
the opposite of oxidization, increasing hydrogen and decrease oxygen
what is markovnikovs rule?
the rich get richer
what is a polymer?
a molecule that is made by linking carbon chains, monomers, for a long amount of time, like a paperclip in a paperclip chain. they’re made commonly by breaking a double bond.
what is a condensation polymerization?
monomers (commonly esters or amides) joined together in polymer strands, they have water as a product that is taken out, it has too be added back in beside the bracket though.
what is an example of a natural polymer?
cellulose.
what are lipids?
very large carbon changes, not soluble in water. can commonly be fats, oils, or some waxes.
benzene contains delocalized pi bonds, this means…
it forms a hexagon, it doesn’t undergo addition reactions, but substitution reactions. it is very stable.
