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RCM History 3 Full > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Four genres for 19th century instrumental music

A

concert, concert etude, symphonic poem and concert overture

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2
Q

19th Century Instrumental styles

A 
wide spectrum of social classes
more amateur musicians
more venues
new music for new instruments
virtuoso musicians: Liszt, Chopin, Paganini, Joachim, Remenyi
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3
Q

Felix Mendelssohn years

A

1809 - 1847

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4
Q

Mendelssohn Biography - youth

A

Born 1809 Hamburg Germany into musical Jewish family
1 or 4 children, older sister Fanny pianist
Family converted to Christianity surname Bartholdy
Started piano lessons at age 7, 10 studying theory
gifted painter and linguist
Travelled Europe, met Goethe at 12, met Liszt at 16
Composed in his teens Octet for Strings, Overture to A Midsummer Night’s Dream

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5
Q

Mendelssohn Biography - Young Adult

A

1827 - studies law and aesthetics UoBerlin GWF Hegel
1829 - organized revival Bach’s St Matthew Passion
compostions inspired by travelling landscapes Italy, Austria
1833 - director Dusseldorf
1835 - conductor Leipzig Gewandhaus orchestra - 1846
1837 - married Cecil Jeanrenaud 5 kids happy

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6
Q

Mendelssohn Biography - Final Years

A

1841 - Kapellmiester in Berlin as well as Leipzig
Invited as conductor to England and Europe - Queen Victoria
1843 - founded Leipzig Conservatory
1847 - Sudden death of Fanny, died of strokes few months later

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7
Q

Mendelssohn Style

A

Mozart of 19th century
close study of Bach-counterpoint, choral from Handel
Balance from Mozart
clear harmony structure and form moderate orchestra
Innovate - link movements
Romantic - programm, unexpected modulation, virtuosic
helped develop formal concerto structure
vivid orchestra, leggiero string passages, chordal texture in winds
light, scherzando - overMidSummer his style

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8
Q

Mendelssohn Titles

A

Symph: 3 Scottish, 4 Italian, 5 Reformation
Concerto: 3 violin, 2 piano, 2 dblpiano, 1 piano+vio
Over-MidSummer, Hebrides
Incidental - antigone, MidSumm
Chamber: duo, sQuartet, pianoTrio, Quartets, Octet
SoloPiano: Andante and rondo capriccioso, Variations Serieuses, sonatas, preludes, fugues Song without Words
Organ: prelues and fugues
Oratorio: St Paul, Elijah
Vocal: concert aria, Leider, folk, duets

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9
Q

Mendelssohn Violin concerto Summary

A 
E Minor op 64
1844
violinist Ferdinand David
dramatic passion
poetic lyricism and virtuosity
3 movements
orchestra and solo violin
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10
Q

Mendelssohn Violin concerto First Movement General

A

Allegro molto appassionato
Cut time
sonata form with dbl exposition

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11
Q

Mendelssohn Violin Concerto Mov 1: Exposition

A

Expo: Theme1: soloViolin intro, melody Emin triad
Bridge Theme: solo angular melody, electric passagework, dbl stops, chromatic thirds, arpgg figures
Modulates to G Major
Theme2: clarinet flute intro serene G major violin accompanies
based on repeated note, pp, tranquillo
ViolinTheme1 returns
Codetta recall Theme 1 but in GMajor - virtuosic cadential figures flow into Development

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12
Q

Mendelssohn Violin Concerto Mov 1: Development

A

tremolando dim7 figure dramatic tension
orchestra alternates with soloTheme1
solo recall bridge A min agitato
woodwinds fragmented Theme1 accomp by solo 8note passage
juxtaposition tonic major and minor modes
serene mood emerges briefly
tension virtuosic orchestra drops out ->cadenza, fully written out. extreme high, dbl stops, arpeggios
*strange place for a cadenza usually after Recap

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13
Q

Mendelssohn Violin Concerto Mov 1: Recap and Coda

A

cadenza seamless link
orchestra Theme1 E minor accomp by solo arpeggios from cadenza
Theme2 E Major
CODA: started by deceptive
solo dominates rapid ascending chromatic triplets
Theme1 and bridge echoes
increase tempo until final cadence
final tonic chords, after bassoon sustains B to link to Mov2.

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14
Q

Mendelssohn Violin Concerto in E min, Mov 2 and 3

A

Mov 2: C Major Andante 6/8 ternary
meditative movement solo plays both melody and accomp
Mov 3: E major,Allegro molto vivace, C, sonata
spritely character lively

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15
Q

Franz Liszt Years

A

1811-1886

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16
Q

Franz Liszt Biography Youth

A

1811 Raiding Hungary (close to Vienna)
Adam(father) in Haydn’s orchestra
Lessons with Father, composing at 8, concert at 9
1821 - moved to Vienna Carl Czerny teacher, Antonio Salieri
1823 - Paris performing and learning not accepted into Conservetoir
Paris sensation, toured England, Ireland, Switz, Frnech cities teenager
torn between performer and priest, father died 1827

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17
Q

Liszt Concert Pianist Years

A

1827-1847
performed and taught as a living all over
greatest pianist technical proweress
Based in Paris knew; Berlioz, Bellini, Geatano Donizetti, Frederic Chopin, Nicolo Paganini
Historical solo piano recital London 1840
rock star, affairs but long term Marie d’agoult left her husband . they had three children ended bitterly
Charities for floods Hungary 1838

18
Q

Liszt Weimar Years

A

1848-1861
moved to Weimar to compose conduct, music director, productions of operas Berlioz, Verdi, Schumman, Wagner
Lived with Princess Carolyne Sayn-Wittgenstein; home for musicians
composed orchestra concerto
retired, teacher, master class format

19
Q

Liszt Late Years, Rome, Weimar, Budapest

A

1861-1886
followed Princess to Rome, never married, ended in 64
deeply affected by death of son and daughter and mother
studied catholic theology, became minor order
traveled a lot, final tours 1886 Paris and London
Died in Bayreuth

20
Q

Liszt Style

A

Career affected compositions, piano transcriptions
personal life duality in music virtuoso but inspired religious titles.
Changes piano performance - memory, recitals, side profile
developed modern piano technique; tremolos, extreme register, cascading passages, rapid
Master class
Romantic - concert etude, lyric piano
programm: invented symponic poem
freedom innovation, single move works Piano Sonata B Min, Piano Concerto Eb Major
Harmony: chromatic, progressive, mediant, augtriads, Nuages gris - impressionism
Hungarian Folk ‘rhapsodies, fantasy’

21
Q

Liszt Titles

A

Piano; transcendental Etudes, 3 Petrarch sonnets, liebestraume, 19 hungarian rhap, annees de pelegrinage
transcriptions, Lieder schubert, symphony Beethoven
3 Piano concertos; Malediction, Totentanz, Hungarian F
Orch: symppoem Les preludes, program symp: Faust, Dante
Vocal: oratorio, masses, Leider
chamber, organ

22
Q

Liszt La Campanella general

A

unprecedented virtuosity - homage to Paganini
Piano Etude
1838, rev1851
source: Violin Concerto No 2 Paganini

G# minor
Allegretto
6/8
ABABABA coda

23
Q

etude

A

french - study
solo instrumental technical development
focus on one or more special techniques

24
Q

thematic transformation

A

basic theme repeated throughout in different forms
changed rhythm, melody, harmony
not variation, theme takes on new identity new context

25
Liszt La Campenella Intro
Section A: brief intro, main theme right hand D# high - bell sustain wide leaps RH technical difficulty repeated with embellishment Section B: B Major, sequential ascending pattern chromatic harmony A1: rapid repeated notes broken RH octaves B1: embellished, theme in LH, RH accomp widely spaced ends with cadenza-like chromatic passages alternative hands A2: melody high, 32nd trills, mimic violin string cros B2: many leaps contrast volume, thundering octavs A3: recap fore, dramatic octaves chromatic contrary octaves prep for coda CODA: animato, loud octaves tonic G# conclusion
26
Bedrich Smetana Life and Style
1824-1884 Virtuoso pianist, dedicated Six Chr pieces to Liszt 5 years Sweden; concerts, directed choral, vocal academy Program music Liszt influence Bohemian (Czech) patriot; Brandeburgers in Bohemia quoted folk songQuoted folk songs, mostly original melodies resembling folk; Bartered Bride cyclical unity Ma Vlast broad, sweeing melodies harmonic: chromatic, frequent modal harmony
27
Bedrich Smetana Titles
Operas 8, Bartered Bride, The Kiss, Dalibor, Libuse Orchestr: 6 cycles symphon poem Ma Vlast, symphony, overtures, prelused, marches chamber: 2 SQ, piano trio Piano: dances polkas, character pieces sets Vocal: art songs, choral works
28
Smetana Ma Vlast - Vltava background
symphonic poem 1874 2nd in set of 6 SympPoems Ma Vlast published program River passes through scenes, last Vysehrad castle, then vanishes Bohemia
29
program music
trend in 19th century instrumental with poetic, visual associations descriptive title shows connection some include written text, program, or poem
30
Symphonic Poem
tone poem one popular forms orchestral program music single movement, free form, literal or pictorial assoc. Invented by Franz Liszt
31
Smetana Vltava - general
``` Emin Allegro commodo non agitato 6/8 Themes: 5-6 Source of River Theme River, Hunting, Peasant Wedding, Nocturnal, St. John rapids river theme repeated to Ancient Castle Theme Disappearance of river - Coda ```
32
Smetana Vltava - themes 1-4
Source: flutes intro undulating 16th note figure lusingando, coazing, clarinets join pizzicato strings River: strings broad arched theme swirling 16th note accompaniment triangle gentle shimmer Hunting: C Major brass bold fanfare figure horns triangle prominent Peasant Wedding: G Major, folk 2/4 polka, narrow range repeated notes unfolds four measure phrases, dance rhythm
33
Smetana Vlatava - themes 5,6,7
Nocturnal Scene - Ab Major, high string register gentle half note melody dolcissimo, harps moonbeams waters surface muted brass nobility River returns abridged St. John Rapids: frag and devlop River theme. dissonance clashing harmonies, heavy brass and piccolo figures River theme in E major to ancient Castle: Ancient Castle: broad hymn melody E Major full orchestra borrowed from first poem in Ma Vlast River dissappears: diminuendo onward journey sequential dominant-tonic harmony strings bold perfect cadence conclusion
34
Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky Years
1840-1893
35
Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky Life and Style
Balanced Russian and Western Romantic - lyrical melody, emotional, rich orchestration, expressive, virtuosity-piano and violin concertos unplayable program - Manfred Symphony op58 - writtings of Byron Russian folk, dance, fables, vocal music and operas, The Queen of Spades - novel by Alexander Pushkin taught theory at Moscow Conservatory Pathos - Symphony no 6 Bmin op74 Pathetique Famous during lifetime, traveled conducting, even to America 1891 Carnegie Hall NYC
36
Tchaikovsky Titles
10 operas Eugene Onegin, The Queen of Spades Ballets; Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty, Nutcracker Orch: 6 #'d symphonies (no3 Polish, no6 Pathetique. Manfred concert overtures (Romeo Juliet, Serenade for Strings, Capriccio Italien) Concertos; 2 piano, 1 violin chamber: SQ, sextets, piano trio Piano: The Seasons vocal: choral, art songs
37
Tchaikovsky Romeo and Juliet Overture - background
``` 1870 premiere Concert Overture Sonata Form program: characters Friar Laurence, Romeo and Juliet. feud theme, love theme and tragic death. essential emotions captured from Shakespeare's drama *lyricism, vivid orchestra, pathos ```
38
Tchaikovsky Romeo and Juliet Overture - Intro and Expo
Intro: Andante non tanto quasi moderato C, F#min Frar Laurence Theme - low clarinets bassoon, high wood pizzicato, strings+WW play boldly
39
Tchaikovsky Romeo and Juliet Overture - Expo
Expo: Theme1:Feud Allegro giusto, C, Bmin, agitated syncopated melody Forte, cellos, answered piccolo cymbals crash against driving strings Bridge sudden pp, woodwinds, Dbl,horns gentle undulating fig set scene Theme2-Love theme; DbMajor, C, stated broadly English horns, muted voilas. restated in high WW extended Codetta - harp softly accompanies muted strings
40
Tchaikovsky Romeo and Juliet Overture - Develop, Recap and Coda
- FeudTheme softly strings WW - Friar Theme extensive treatment, reiterated horns agitation abrupt changes volume, tossing interrupted by Feud thee violent crashing cymbals
41
Tchaikovsky Romeo and Juliet Overture - Recap
Recap: Feud Theme Bmin FF, full orches, cymbal, rapid descending string fig LoveTheme2B Juliet played gentle oboe, string accomp 2A Love; Dmajor, broadly strings F, undulating horns expanded, interupted by Feud and Friar crashing cymbal punctu bold timpanu roll into coda
42
Tchaikovsky Romeo and Juliet Overture - Coda
Love theme Juliet transformed into funeral song Bmajor WW+harp follow solemn hymn-like passage Love Theme Juliet repeated expansively in strings solemn chords FF full orchestra ominous timpani figure

RCM History 3 Full (10 decks)

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