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college psychology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

neuron

A

receives and sends messages within the nervous system

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2
Q

dendrites

A

part of the neuron that receives messages from other cells (kind of like a branch)

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3
Q

axon

A

fiber attached to the soma. Job is to carry messages out to other cells

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4
Q

soma

A

part of the cell that contains the nucleus and keeps the entire cell alive

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5
Q

axon terminals

A

responsible for communicating with the other cells

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6
Q

glial cells

A

serves as a structure for which neurons develop and hold neurons in place

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7
Q

myelin

A

protective covering over the axon

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8
Q

nerves

A

a bundle of axons

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9
Q

diffusion

A

process of ions moving from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

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10
Q

resting potential

A

meaning the sodium ions cannot enter. They have not gotten a strong enough stimulation from another cell yet

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11
Q

action potential

A

this is the the ions entering through the cell membrane channels

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12
Q

all-or-none

A

Neurons either fire at full strength or do not fire at all

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13
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals suspended in fluid inside the synaptic vesicles. These are what transmit the message

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14
Q

synapse

A

these contain molecules of neurotransmitters

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15
Q

receptor sites

A

proteins that allow only particular molecules of a certain shape to fit into it. (just as a keyhole will only fit a particular key in it)

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16
Q

antagonist

A

a chemical substance that blocks or reduces the effects of a neurotransmitter

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17
Q

agonist

A

chemical substance that mimics or enhances the effects of a neurotransmitter

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18
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

brain

A

interprets and stores information and sends orders to muscles, glands, and organs

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20
Q

spinal cord

A

Pathway connecting the brain and the peripheral nervous system

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21
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

Transmits information to and from the central nervous system

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22
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Automatically regulates glands, internal organs and blood vessels, pupil dilation, digestion, etc. (everything automatic)

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23
Q

somatic nervous system

A

carries sensory information and controls movement of the skeletal muscles

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24
Q

sensory system (afferent)

A

carries messages from sense to CNS

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25
Q

motor system (efferent)

A

carries messages from CNS to muscles and glands

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26
Q

Learning

A

any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

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27
Q

reflex

A

an unlearned, involuntary response that is not under personal control or choice

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28
Q

classical conditioning

A

an involuntary, reflex-like response to a stimulus other than the original

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29
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

original naturally occuring stimulus. (the food)

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30
Q

unconditioned response

A

dog salivating after seeing food

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31
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

the bell

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32
Q

conditioned response

A

dog salivating after hearing bell but not the food

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33
Q

stimulus generalization

A

Someone might be scared if they hear a noise that is similar to a noise that freaks them out

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34
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

being able to detect the difference between a sound that freaks you out and a sound that is close to that sound

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35
Q

extinction

A

having the bell go off but not giving the dog food leads to this. Not having the CR after the NS goes off

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36
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

The dog would forget about the CR due to extinction, but then randomly be have the CR with the CS.

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37
Q

higher order conditioning

A

If Pavlov snapped his fingers before the bell, eventually the dog would salivate to the snapping of his fingers as well

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38
Q

vicarious conditioning

A

becoming classically conditioned by watching someone respond to stimulus

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39
Q

conditioned taste aversion

A

(the reason I don’t eat Mashed potatoes) being classically conditioned to not eat a food because you got sick off of it

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40
Q

Edward Thorndike and B. F. Skinner describe the theory of:

A

Operant conditioning

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41
Q

Law of effect

A

If an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated (Cat finding his way out of the box)

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42
Q

Operant conditioning

A

how organisms learn voluntary responses

43
Q

reinforcement

A

anything that causes a response to be more likely to happen again

44
Q

primary reinforcer

A

recieving food when youre hungry, water when thirsty, etc.

45
Q

secondary reinforcer

A

best explained by a puppy being praised and petted and eventually the praise alone will make the puppy happy

46
Q

positive reinforcment

A

receiving something that makes you happy or feel good (a pat on the back)

47
Q

negative reinforcement

A

the removal of something that makes you unhappy

48
Q

Punishment

A

any event or stimulus that follows a response with something that will make that less likely to happen in the future

49
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

any stimulus that provides an organism with a cue to make a certain response. (Slowing down when seeing cop so that you don’t get a ticket)

50
Q

shaping

A

taking a bunch of a small steps in order to reach a large goal. (A dolphin can’t instantly know how to jump through a hoop)

51
Q

successive approximation

A

small steps that are taken one after the other to get closer and closer the goal.

52
Q

behavior modification

A

refers to the application of operant conditioning to bring about such changes

53
Q

Applied behavior analysis (ABA)

A

Skills are broken down to their simplest steps and then taught to the child through a system of reinforcement

54
Q

latent learning

A

(The example with the rats.) This says that while one might have something stored away in knowledge

55
Q

Eward Tolman

A

taught a group of rats the same maze one at a time. (latent learning)

56
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A

conducted the insight learning theory with the monkey and the banana

57
Q

Martin Seligman

A

Learned helplessness

58
Q

Learned helplessness

A

the tendency to not even try to escape from a dangerous situation after being conditioned to be helpless

59
Q

Bandura

A

observational learning

60
Q

observational learning

A

the learning of a new behavior through watching the actions of a model

61
Q

learning/performance distinction

A

The fact that learning can take place without actual performance

62
Q

what are the four elements of observational learning

A
  1. attention
  2. memory
  3. imitation
  4. desire
63
Q

Medulla

A

Part of the brain that controls heartbeat, breathing,and swallowing

64
Q

Pons

A

The Pons influences sleep and dreaming. Bridge between the lower parts of the brain and the upper sections

65
Q

Reticular formation

A

this part of the brain allows for you to ignore constant unchanging behavior

66
Q

Cerebellum

A

This means little brain. it controls all involuntary motor movement. People can sit up right because of it.

67
Q

Thalamus

A

relays information from sensory organs to the cerebral cortex

68
Q

hypothalmus

A

regulates body temp, hunger, thirst, sex drive

69
Q

Hippocampus

A

Learning and memory

70
Q

Amygdala

A

involved in fear and anxiety

71
Q

Left brain

A

spoken language, math, logic

72
Q

right brain

A

music, arstical, emotional thought

73
Q

Occipital lobe

A

visual information from the eyes in primary visual cortex

74
Q

Parietal lobe

A

processes touch, temperature, and body position (located at the top and back of the brain )

75
Q

temporal lobes

A

just behind temples of head. this is the primary auditory cortex area. (also involved a little with language)

76
Q

frontal lobes

A

planning, personality, memory storage, and complex decision making

77
Q

Broca’s area

A

This area of the brain allows people to talk smoothly and fluently.

78
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

People can talk fluently but the words that they are saying don’t make sense

79
Q

Lens

A

Changes shape to bring objects into focus

80
Q

retina

A

contains photorecetpor cells

81
Q

Iris

A

muscles control size of the pupil

82
Q

cornea

A

bends light waves so the image can be focused on the retina

83
Q

visual accommodation

A

the lens changes its shape from thick to thin, enabling it to focus on objects that are close or far away.

84
Q

Cornea

A

bends light so image can focus on light

85
Q

Pupil

A

changes based on amount of light coming in

86
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

proposed three types of cones: red blue and green.

87
Q

opponent process theory

A

sensory receptors come in pairs (red/green) (blue/yellow)

88
Q

place theory

A

this says that different hairs in the ears will be stimulated based on the pitch of the tone

89
Q

Frequency theory

A

(by Rutherford) says that pitch is related to how fast the basilar membrane vibrates. The faster, the higher the pitch

90
Q

pinna

A

part of the external part of the ear that serves as a kind of concentrator

91
Q

auditory canal

A

the short tunnel that runs down to the eardrum. The eardrum then causes three tiny bones in the inner ear to vibrate

92
Q

volley principle

A

accounts for pitches from 400 hz to 4000 hz

93
Q

Hans Henning

A

came up with the idea that there are only 5 basic tastes

94
Q

olfaction

A

the ability to smell odors

95
Q

gate control theory

A

two nerves determine if pain gets sent to the brain. Large fibers close the gate while small fibers allow pain

96
Q

Kinesthetic sense

A

Having a sense of where your body is at all times (max swinging a golf club)

97
Q

Perception

A

method by which the brain takes all sensations and allows them to mean different things

98
Q

shape constancy

A

this explains why a person still perceives a coin as a circle no matter the angle it is presented

99
Q

Proximity

A

to perceive objects as one based on the nearness of the objects

100
Q

Similarity

A

things that are similar are in the same group (people when they see a basketball team)

101
Q

Closure

A

the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete

102
Q

Muller-Lyer illusion

A

the thing with the lines thinking that one is longer than the other

103
Q

top down processing

A

the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole

college psychology (6 decks)

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