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chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

social influence

A

influencing someone in by using behavior, feelings, and thoughts of an individual

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2
Q

conformity

A

changing ones behavior to match the behavior of another persons (looking up at the ceiling because the person next to you is)

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3
Q

Solomon Asch

A

conducted the first every conformity test

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4
Q

groupthink

A

one or more people know that something is wrong but don’t speak up because the rest of the group already has a plan set. (someone not speaking up when they knew the challenger was not built right)

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5
Q

Compliance

A

occurs when people change their behavior as a result of another person or group asking them to change. (person who gets them to change does not have any authority generally)

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6
Q

foot in the door technique

A

This starts with asking for just a simple request, but then turns into a few more requests that require more involvement but seem manageable because of the first request. (watching over a neighbors house turning into cleaning their house)

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7
Q

low ball technique

A

asking someone to do something but it turns out that “something” is only a part to the job they have to do (professor writing a textbook, but he actually has to travel, take time off, blah blah blah)`

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8
Q

obedience

A

changing ones behavior at the order of an authority figure

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9
Q

Stanley Milgram’s experiment

A

The experiment to see how far people would go under the obedience of another person. They would shock the other person until they were nearly dead. (or so they thought)

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10
Q

attitude

A

tendency to respond negatively or positively toward an idea, person, or situation

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11
Q

ABC model of attitudes

A

Affective component- the FEELINGS or EMOTIONS someone has toward an object person or situation

Behavior component- the ACTION that someone takes toward a person, object, or situation

Cognitive component- the way a person THINKS about a person object or situation

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12
Q

persuasion

A

the process by which one person tries to change the belief, opinion, or position of another person

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13
Q

Types of attitude formation

A

direct contact-physically something happens
direct instruction- hearing something is bad
interaction with others- if youre friend thinks something is cool, so will you most likely
vicarious conditioning- observing something (me observing dad likely sports)

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14
Q

elaboration likelyhood model

A

either people elaborate, or they do not elaborte at all..this leads to central route processing and peripheral route processing

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15
Q

central route processing

A

people attend to the content of the message

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16
Q

peripheral route processing

A

trying to figure something out by using everything but the actual content of the message

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17
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

doing or saying things that don’t match what they would think of themselves as

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18
Q

Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith

A

conducted the cognitive dissonance experiment (they werre given boring jobs and had to lie about it. Some recieved 20 and some 1 dollar…it was found that those who recived one dollar enjoyed the task more)

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19
Q

Social Categorization

A

mostly automatic and occurs without conscious awareness of the process. This is based upon characteristics that the new person has that a previous person does

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20
Q

stereotype

A

set of characteristics that people believe is shared by all members of particular social category

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21
Q

impression formation

A

assigning a person to a number of categories and drawing conclusions about what that person is likely to be like

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22
Q

implicit personality theory

A

sets of assumptions that people have about how different types of people and actions are related and form in childhood

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23
Q

attribution

A

process of explaining ones own behavior and the behaivor of other people

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24
Q

attribution theory

A

develped by fritz Heider as a way of explaining why people choose to do the things they do

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25
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

overestimating internal characteristics rather than the influence of the situation. (if someone seems mean they may just being going through a rough time)

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26
Q

prejudice

A

an unsupported and often negative sterotyped attitude about members of a particular social group

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27
Q

discrimination

A

when particular members of a social group are treated differently than others it is called discrimination. Discrimination=behavior Prejudice=attitude

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28
Q

social cognitive theory

A

prejudice is seen as an attitude that is formed as other attitudes are formed

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29
Q

realistic conflict theory

A

increasing prejudice and discrimination are closely tied to an increasing degree of conflict between the in group and out group

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30
Q

Freud bleieved aggression was:

A

a basic human instinct

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31
Q

altruism

A

helping someone in trouble with no expectation of reward and without fear for ones own safety

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32
Q

memory

A

an active system that receives information from the senses, puts it into the senses, and is then able to retrieve the information from storage

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33
Q

Three processes of memory

A
  1. ) Encoding- getting sensory information and putting it into a form that the brain can use
  2. ) Storage- This is holding onto the information for some period of time
  3. ) Retrieval- Getting the information they know out of storage
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34
Q

Information processing model

A

This includes the encoding, storage, and retrieval. Assumes that the length of time that a memory will be remembered depends on the stage of memory in which it is stored

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35
Q

levels-of-processing model

A

Processing meaning and just “looks” of something. This says there are different levels of understanding certain things. (The ball flashing across a screen example)

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36
Q

Sensory memory

A

first stage of memory. the point t which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems.

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37
Q

Iconic sensory memory

A

visual sensory memory (Experiement by Sperling) This is the example of subjects remembering each row based on the tone they hear.

38
Q

echoic sensory memory

A

When someone says something but you are doing something else and it takes a couple seconds for you to process what that person had just said. (The roommate asking if you are ready for dinner while you are watching tv example)

39
Q

Selective attention

A

ability to focus on only one stimulus from all sensory input. if there are lots of stimulus that are being presented, only the one that is important enough will be drawn from this

40
Q

working memory

A

thought to consist of three interrelated systems: 1.) a central executive that controls 2.) visual sketchpad and 3.) auditory recorder (reading a book example) (desk example)

41
Q

Magic number 7

A

This was conducted by George Miller who found that the most amount of things that could be held in storage at a time is 7 (plus or minus 2)

42
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

remembering something by repeating it over and over again (not the best method for getting something into long term memory)

43
Q

Elaborate rehearsal

A

This is the process of transferring short term memory into long term memory by making it meaningful in some way

44
Q

implicit memory

A

This is memory for skills that people know how to DO (people w/ anterograde amnesia do not forget how to do these things…walk talk etc.)

45
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

this is a disorder in which new long-term memories cannot be formed.

46
Q

declarative memory (explicit)

A

All about the things people KNOW. This makes up knowledge of names, math, etc.

47
Q

semantic knowledge

A

General knowledge that anyone has the ability to know and that is often learned in school

48
Q

episodic memories

A

represent specific events in ones life. These are always being updated

49
Q

semantic network model

A

assumes information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion (youtube..one video leads to another which leads to another and so on)

50
Q

retrieval cue

A

cues are clues. The more cues for a particular word or piece of information, the easier the retrieval of that information will be

51
Q

encoding specificity

A

the tendency for memory of any kind of information to be improved if the conditions in which it was first presented are the same. (the reason we took tests in the same seats in JennerJohns room)

52
Q

statedependent learning

A

memories formed ruing a particular psychological state will be easier to remember while in a similar state. (Easy to remember all the bad things about Bry when arguing with her)

53
Q

Recall (retrieval method)

A

few or no external cues (filling blanks on an application)

54
Q

Recognition (retrieval method)

A

hearing information and matching it to what is already in memory. (a word search)

55
Q

serial position effect

A

things that are said at the beginning and at the end are the two most likely to be remembered

56
Q

primacy effect

A

due to the fact that the first few words may actually be moved into long term memory and are easy to remember

57
Q

recency effect

A

attributed to the fact that the last word was just said so it is easily recalled

58
Q

false positive

A

occurs when a person thinks they recognize something but in fact does not have that someone or something in memory. (eyewitness recognition can be prone to false positives)

59
Q

automatic encoding

A

this is when long term knowledge enters the LTM with no effort at all. (the example of knowing how many cars have passed down the street.)

60
Q

flashbulb memories

A

highly emotional events that you can recall where you were when something happened. (People knowing exactly where they were when 9/11 happened)

61
Q

constructive processing

A

memories are built upon the known pieces in a memory

62
Q

hindsight bias

A

the tendency of people to think they would have predicted an outcome without having been told it in advance. (Louis saying “yeah that’s kind of obvious”)

63
Q

misinformation effect

A

if one witness tells another about something that they “saw” then the other will agree with it and believe that they saw the same thing, even if that is not true

64
Q

curve of forgetting

A

presented by Hermann Ebbinghaus and the graph shows that fogetting happens quickly within the first hour, then tapers off gradually

65
Q

distributed practice

A

this just means spacing out one’s study sessions

66
Q

encoding failure

A

hearing what someone says but not understanding it

67
Q

memory trace

A

physical change in the brain, a neuron or activity between neurons which occurs when a memory is formed

68
Q

decay

A

memories fading into nothing “use it or lose it”

69
Q

disuse

A

If you do not use information that is in the long term memory, it can be lost over time

70
Q

proactive interference

A

the tendency for older or previously learned material to interfere with the learning of new material

71
Q

retroactive interference

A

When newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information

72
Q

anterograde amensia

A

inability to form new long term memories

73
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

known for her eyewitness study that suggests that what someone sees can be incorrect if they are given wrong information

74
Q

Craik and Lockhart

A

information that is deeply processed with be remembered longer than what is not

75
Q

hippocampus

A

responsible for making new long term memories

76
Q

mnemonist

A

a memory expert

77
Q

First stage of memory on the information processing model

A

sensory

78
Q

Socialculture perspective

A

just think about culture affecting your social cues and life

79
Q

Humanistic perspective

A

the goal to become all that we can be. This is trying to reach self actualization

80
Q

Biopsycholigical perspective

A

this has to do with hormones and how we associate w/ others

81
Q

Psychodynamic approach

A

Think of freud. This has to do with case studies and the ideas that freud had

82
Q

Behavioral perspective

A

Pavlow and reinforcements. Think of the dog salivating example

83
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

Darwin and survival of the fittest

84
Q

Cognitive perspective

A

has to do with thinking/attributes and beliefs

85
Q

5 steps to the scientific method

A

percieve, hypothesize, Test, draw conclusions, report and revise

86
Q

institutional review board

A

studies safety and consideration for research participants

87
Q

William James

A

associated with functionalism

88
Q

4 goals of psychology?

A

control, prediction, explanation, description

89
Q

Who believed we repressed our threatning urges and desires?

A

Freud

90
Q

objective introspection

A

thought of by William Wundt. This is the process of measuring one’s own thoughts and mental activities

91
Q

Milgram

A

Did the research on shocking people

college psychology (6 decks)

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