Unit 2 Flashcards
What is the goal of AAA?
to provide a friendly visit
What is a risk of having AAA in hospitals?
transmission of bacteria
What is the aim of AAT?
helping patients meet therapeutic goals
What organization offers certification tests for dogs to demonstrate behavioral ability for AAA?
Pet Partners (Delta Society)
Dr. Francois Martin studied a particular group of children and found that they had benefits with AAT. What group of children?
Children with autism
Where are animals kept in poor conditions, and used as “cash crops” contributing to overpopulation?
puppy mills
What is the Pets Evacuation and Transportation Standards Act (PETS Act)?
People and their animals should have access to emergency services in the event of an evacuation for natural disaster.
Created after Hurricane Katrina in 2006 when 600k animals died from lack of shelter/rescue
What is the Sensitive Period in a puppy’s life?
Period of a puppy’s life where experiences have the greatest lifelong impact
What is shyness, in terms of a puppy or kitten?
Reflects a puppy or kitten’s tendency to be timid, aggressive, or develop fight or flight reactions
What is ethology?
The study of behavior
Dr. Odendaal found that interaction with animals lowered levels of what hormone?
Cortisol (stress)
What is Animal Rights?
Humans do not have the right to use non-human animals for our own purposes, including for food, clothing, entertainment, and vivisection.
ex: PETA
NOT THE SAME AS ANIMAL WELFARE!!!
What is Animal Welfare?
Humans do have a right to use animals for some purposes, but believe that animals should be treated better and humanely.
NOT PETA. NOT THE SAME AS ANIMAL RIGHTS!!!
A study by Benda found that children with cerebral palsy who rode horses RETAINED MUSCLE MOVEMENT SYMMETRY after what type of therapy?
Hippotherapy
What is beneficence?
A word defined as the ethical obligation for people to “do good”
What are general causes of obesity in humans and animals?
Too little exercise and too much food
What is one main cause of obesity in dogs? (But the owner sees this as a means of showing the dog love)
Overfeeding
In Friendmann’s research article, people had better one year survival rates after what disease?
Heart Attack
Older adults who walked a dog over a 3 DAY period experienced what effects?
Increased relaxation effect
What are the effects of obesity and overweight?
Hypertension Cardiovascular Disease Heart Disease Diabetes Gall Bladder Problems Joint Disease
The Kubler-Ross model describes grieving in what manner?
5 stages
What are types of difficulties with grief over the loss of a pet?
Guilt over occurrence
Lack of acceptance by others
What is anticipatory grief?
Preparing for a loss
Starts before actual death
–ex: going to vet and finding out pet has cancer…
What are some symptoms of struggling with grieving?
Not sleeping
What are effects of death of a therapy animal?
Grieving for the handler and clients
Define ethics
Set of principles or beliefs that governs views of right and wrong, good and bad, fair and unfair, just and unjust (Bernard Rollin)
“code of ethics”
Define morality
Code of conduct held by a person or group based on shared values.
–ex: religion, society
Comes out in our behavior
Define beneficence
Guides the ethical theory to do what is good. This priority to “do good” makes an ethical perspective and possible solution to an ethical dilemma acceptable.
Define least harm
In which neither choice is beneficial, a person should do the least harm possible and to do harm to the fewest people
–rationale behind animal experiments (research, etc)
Define respect for autonomy
Allow people to reign over themselves and decisions that apply to lives
Define justice
Actions that are fair to those involved, except in justified extenuating circumstances
What are the 5 Freedoms of Animals?
- Freedom from pain and suffering
- Freedom from thirst
- Freedom from hunger
- Freedom from harm from environments/to have reasonable accommodations
- Freedom to engage in those behaviors that are natural to the animal
What is the Animal Welfare Act?
Signed into law in 1966
Intended to regulate the transport, sale, and handling of dogs, cats, guinea pits, nonhuman primates, hamsters, and rabbits intended to use for research or for other purposes
Many amendments to include all species
- -applies to any type of commercial use of animals
- -all about human care, human housing, and caring for animals that are ill/have problems
Define anthropomorphism
Applying human qualities/characteristics to animals
–“my dog thinks this…”
Define neoteny
Baby-like
- -“my dog is my little girl”
- -“my pet is my baby”
What are the 2 negative aspects?
Abuse
Neglect
Define abuse
Socially unacceptable behavior that intentionally causes unnecessary pain, suffering, or distress to and/or death of an animal
Felony in 42 states, HOWEVER, often only most heinous cases persecuted
Define neglect
Failure to provide needed shelter, food, water, safety, exercise, and/or nurturing
usually a misdemeanor if prosecuted
Statistics for cancer sniffing dogs?
Dogs had 91% accuracy in prostate cancer by sniffing urine
Dogs had 99% sensitivity in lung cancer and 98% in breast cancer by sniffing breath
Define animism
all living things have spirit or “essence”
Spirits also called familiars
Pre-Classical Period: the Shaman
enabled by animal “familiars”/seekers
Able to transform into the familiar, assumes same injuries as the familiar, never injures/consumes the familiar
Shamanic examples
Egyptian culture w/ figures of people with animal heads
ex: Anubis, Leonine
Classical Period
4th-5th century BC
Greek mythology: animals often have healing powers
–ex: Chiron (credited w/ inventing medicine)
Post-Christianity
17th Century “Age of Enlightenment”:
–pet-keeping expanded, dogs used for HUNTING (hunting more a sport instead of just for food sources)
18th Century:
- -animals of value for SOCIALIZATION
- -beneficial for those w/ MENTAL ILLNESS
19th Century:
–Florence Nightingale, small pets for patients in hospitals (she brought in birds)
Temperament
Often referred to as the dog’s “character” or “personality”
Passed on from parents to offspring
Influenced by genetics, prenatal environment, mother-infant relation, early experience and learning capacities
Boldness-Shyness Axis
Boldness: general tendency to approach novel objects and willingness to take risks
- -NOT aggressiveness
- -boldness = easier to train, handle
Shy individuals are generally cautious, timid, and evasive in novel situations (both social and non-social situations)
Brain-Gut connection
Vagus nerve connects brain, heart, and stomach…essentially your entire digestive system
- -brain sends message instantly to your gut (“gut feeling”)
- -this actually changes the microflora in the gut within a matter of minutes (measured through fecal matter)
Neonatal Period (birth-14 days old)
Puppies respond to temperature, odor, touch, and light
Vestibular reflexes (ex: gravitational senses, head-righting) also present at birth
Tactile stimulation
Transition Period: 14-21 days old
Puppy’s eyes open, ends w/ ears working (hearing, moving)
Motor skills for certain communicative signaling emerge (wagging tail)
Puppies start to modify behavior according to repeated positive or negative experiences
Socialization Period: 3-12 weeks old
Rapid maturation of sensory organs and nervous system
3 wks age: puppies notice other individuals at a distance and show evidence of conditioning and habit formation; social play begins
Immune system is weak (activities and socialization should occur in healthy environments)
Juvenile Period: 12 weeks old to Social Maturity
Environmental exploration increases during juvenile period and will manifest as human avoidance if puppy hasn’t been properly socialized in earlier developmental periods
Associations learned in socialization period must be retained in juvenile period or they’ll be forgotten by 6 months of age
Define unexpected loss
Loss of pet by emergency, gunshot, hit by car…not any easier than anticipatory grief
List the 5 stages of grief from the Kubler-Ross model
- denial
- anger
- bargaining
- depression
- acceptance
Gender differences in processing grief
Men:
–task oriented, process grief through physical activity, less verbal
Women:
–more comfortable w/ displays of emotion, demonstrative, verbal manifestation
Pets Response to Grief
Restless, anxious, depressed Increased sighing Sleep/eating pattern disturbances Searching behavior Dominance hierarchy issues
Quality of Life: HHHHHMM Scale
Hurt Happiness Hunger Hydration Hygiene Mobility More good days than bad
Score patients using scale of 0-10. Total over 35 points represents acceptable life quality to continue w/ pet hospice
Wordon’s 4 Tasks of Grieving
- accept reality of loss
- work through pain of grief
- adjust to an environment in which the deceased is missing
- emotionally relocate the deceased and move on with life
Attachment Theory
John Bowlby
Bowlby’s attachment theory conceptualizes the tendency in human beings to make strong affectional bonds w/ others and provides a way to understand the strong emotional reaction that occurs when those bonds are threatened or broken
Theory of Emotions
Arlie Hochschild
Hochschild’s theory of emotions presents feeling rules and display rules that society implicitly and explicitly supports regarding which feelings/displays of emotion are appropriate for presentation in public. Helps explain why society is uncomfortable with those who grieve.
Define somatic pain
Broken heart
