Unit 2

Question 1

What are the Two basic types of bone

Answer 1

Compact bone-more dense, spongy bone-small needle like pieces of bone many open spaces arteries can travel through

Question 2

Classification of bone shapes: long bones

Answer 2

Typically are longer than wide, have a shaft with heads at both ends, contain mostly contact bone

Question 3

Classification of bone shapes: short bone

Answer 3

Generally cube shaped, contain mostly spongy bone example carpals, tarsals

Question 4

Classification of bone shapes: flat bones

Answer 4

Send and flattened, usually curved, thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone examples skull ribs and sternum

Question 5

Classification of bone shapes: irregular bones

Answer 5

Do not fit into other bone classification categories as a regular in shape examples vertebrae and pelvis

Question 6

Gross anatomy of a long bone

Answer 6

Diaphysis or shaft composed of compact bone, epiphysis ends of bone composed mostly of spongy bone with thin compact bone layer

Question 7

Structures of a long bone: Diaphysis

Answer 7

Periosteum outside covering of the diaphysis fibrous connective tissue membrane, sharpies fibers secure periosteum to underlying bone, arteries supply bone cells with nutrients

Question 8

Structures of a long bone: epiphysis

Answer 8

Articular cartilage covers the external surface of the epiphysis, made of hyaline cartilage, decreases friction at joint surfaces

Question 9

Structures of a long bone: cavity

Answer 9

Medullary cavity: cavity of the shaft contains yellow marrow in adults, adipose tissue, contains red marrow in infants, produces red and white blood cells and platelets

Question 10

Microscopic anatomy of compact bone: osteocyte

Answer 10

Bone cell

Question 11

Microscopic anatomy of compact bone: lacunae

Answer 11

Groups of osteocytes which form in cavities

Question 12

Microscopic anatomy of compact bone: lamellae

Answer 12

The name for the circular arrangement of the lacunae

Question 13

Microscopic anatomy of compact bone: Central or haversian canals

Answer 13

Canals which Lamellae form around

Question 14

Microscopic anatomy of compact bone: haversian system or osteon

Answer 14

Central Haversian canal + lamellae + lacunae + osteocytes

Question 15

Axial skeleton

Answer 15

Forms the longitudinal part of the body

Question 16

Three parts of the axial skeleton

Answer 16

Skull, vertebral column, bony thorax

Question 17

Two sets of skull bones

Answer 17

Cranium and facial bones joined by sutures. Only mandible is attached by a freely movable joint

Question 18

The vertebral column

Answer 18

Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs, the spine is “s” shaped, each vertebrae is given a name according to its location

Question 19

Characteristics of C1 = atlas

Answer 19

Nods yes, No body, articulated with consoles of the occiput

Question 20

Characteristics of C2= axis

Answer 20

Shakes head “no”, pivot for rotation

Question 21

Characteristics of C3-C7

Answer 21

Small, bifid spinous process, foramen in transverse process

Question 22

Describe the functions of bone

Answer 22

Support of the body, protection of soft organs, allow from movement from attached skeletal muscles, Storage of minerals and fat, blood cell formation

Question 23

What makes up the thoracis cage: three parts

Answer 23

Sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae

Question 24

Explain the ribs

Answer 24

Seven true ribs, five false ribs: attach indirectly to sternum or not at all

Question 25

Name the parts of the appendicular skeleton: three parts

Answer 25

Limbs 126 bones in the limbs, pectoral girdle clavicle and scapula, pelvic girdle hip bones and sacrum

Question 26

Name the hand bones

Answer 26

Eight carpals, five metacarpals, 14 phalanges

Question 27

Name the foot bones

Answer 27

Seven tarsus bones, five metatarsals, 14 phalanges

Question 28

Name the seven Tarsus bones

Answer 28

Calcaneus, Talus, navicular, cuboid, 3 cuneiforms

Question 29

Name the eight carpals

Answer 29

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Question 30

Name the two bones that make up the pectoral girdle

Answer 30

Clavicle and scapula

Question 31

Two parts of the hip joint

Answer 31

Acetabulum and femoral head

Question 32

What is the acetabulum composed of: three fused bones

Answer 32

Ilium, ischium, pubic bone

Question 33

What is the purpose of joints

Answer 33

They hold bones together, allow for mobility, can be made up of two or more bones

Question 34

What are synovial joints

Answer 34

Freely movable, bone ends are separated by synovial fluid found in the joint cavity, articular cartilage covers the ends of bones

Question 35

What are ligaments

Answer 35

Fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones

Question 36

What is the purpose of ligaments

Answer 36

Prevent excessive movement and help stabilize the joint

Question 37

Name the three shoulder ligaments

Answer 37

Acromial clavicular ligament-attaches acromion to clavicle, anterior glenohumeral ligament-between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus, posterior glenohumeral ligament-glenoid cavity and head of humorous

Question 38

Name the two elbow joints

Answer 38

Lateral collateral ligament, medial collateral ligament

Question 39

Name the knee ligaments-five

Answer 39

Patellar tendon from quads attaches to the tibia, medial collateral ligament-inside, lateral collateral ligament-outside prevents side to side movement, Anterior cruciate ligament- runs diagonally in the middle of the need prevents the tibia from sliding anteriorly, posterior cruciate ligament prevents tibia from sliding posteriorly

Question 40

Name three ankle ligaments

Answer 40

Anterior talofibular ligament-front of the foot Connects talus to fibula, posterior talofibular ligament-back of the foot talus to fibula, deltoid ligament-medial of the foot from tibia down the foot in a band shape stabilizes inside a foot