Unit 1: Learning Objectives Flashcards
Define physiology
the functions and activities of living organisms and their parts, including all physical and chemical processes.
Define microscopic anatomy
The study of the structure of cells, tissues, and organs of the body as seen with a microscope.
Define gross anatomy
anatomy that deals with structures that can be seen with the naked eye
Structure: Chemical level
the tiniest building blocks of matter, atoms, which combine to form molecules, like water. In turn, molecules combine to form organelles, the internal organs of a cell.
Structure: cellular level
the cellular level is made up of the smallest unit of living matter, the cell. Individual cells may have some common functions but vary widely in size and shape. Each type of cells carries out a set of unique tasks within the human body.
Structure: tissue level
Tissues are groups of similar cells that have a common function. A tissue must contain two different types of cells. The four basic tissue types in humans include epithelium, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Each tissue has a characteristic role within the human body
Structure: organ level
an organ is a structure composed of at least two different tissue types that perform a specific function within the body. Examples include the brain, stomach, and liver. Complex functions begin to emerge at this level.
Structure: organ system level
One or more organs work in unison to accomplish a common purpose. For instance, the heart and blood vessels work together and circulate blood throughout the body to provide oxygen and nutrients to cells. Besides the cardiovascular system, the other organ systems of the body are the integumentary, skeletal, nervous, muscular, endocrine, respiratory, lymphatic, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
Structure: organismal level
The organismal level is the highest level of organization. It is the sum total of all structural levels working together. In short, it is the human being (or organism) as a whole.
Define organic components
Carbon containing compounds
Define inorganic compound
Lack carbon and tend to be small, simple molecules.
Examples: inorganic compound
Water, salts, and many acids and bases
Example: organic compound
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Define PH and its significance to the body
Scale from 1-14, used to describe the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Blood should be close to 7.4 on the PH scale. A PH level of less than 7 indicates acidic and more than 7 is alkaline
Define homeostasis
When the body regulates body temperature in an effort to maintain an internal temperature around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. Ex. We sweat to cool off and shiver to produce heat.
Define: active cellular transport
Transports molecules through the cell membrane against the concentration gradient so more of the substance is inside the cell (i.e. a nutrient) or outside the cell (i.e. a waste) than normal. Disrupts equilibrium established by diffusion.
Define: passive cellular transport
Maintains dynamic equilibrium of water, gases, nutrients, wastes, etc. between cells and extracellular fluid; allows for small nutrients and gases to enter/exit. No NET diffusion/osmosis after equilibrium is established. Does not require cellular energy.
Example: active transport
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, sodium/potassium pump, secretion of a substance into the bloodstream (process is opposite of phagocytosis & pinocytosis)
Example: passive transport
diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
Define anatomy
the structure of an animal or plant, or of any of its parts.
Characteristics: nervous tissue
It is made of many cells packed closely together (there is little extracellular material between cells);
Most of the cells are strongly branching
Function: nervous tissue
Internal communication.
Characteristics: muscle tissue
They are made of many cells close together (there is little extracellular material between muscle cells).
They are well vascularized (lots of blood vessels).
The cells are elongated.
The cells contain myofilaments (contractile proteins).
Function : muscle tissue
Contracts to cause movement
