Unit 1: Learning Objectives

Question 1

Define physiology

Answer 1

the functions and activities of living organisms and their parts, including all physical and chemical processes.

Question 2

Define microscopic anatomy

Answer 2

The study of the structure of cells, tissues, and organs of the body as seen with a microscope.

Question 3

Define gross anatomy

Answer 3

anatomy that deals with structures that can be seen with the naked eye

Question 4

Structure: Chemical level

Answer 4

the tiniest building blocks of matter, atoms, which combine to form molecules, like water. In turn, molecules combine to form organelles, the internal organs of a cell.

Question 5

Structure: cellular level

Answer 5

the cellular level is made up of the smallest unit of living matter, the cell. Individual cells may have some common functions but vary widely in size and shape. Each type of cells carries out a set of unique tasks within the human body.

Question 6

Structure: tissue level

Answer 6

Tissues are groups of similar cells that have a common function. A tissue must contain two different types of cells. The four basic tissue types in humans include epithelium, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Each tissue has a characteristic role within the human body

Question 7

Structure: organ level

Answer 7

an organ is a structure composed of at least two different tissue types that perform a specific function within the body. Examples include the brain, stomach, and liver. Complex functions begin to emerge at this level.

Question 8

Structure: organ system level

Answer 8

One or more organs work in unison to accomplish a common purpose. For instance, the heart and blood vessels work together and circulate blood throughout the body to provide oxygen and nutrients to cells. Besides the cardiovascular system, the other organ systems of the body are the integumentary, skeletal, nervous, muscular, endocrine, respiratory, lymphatic, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.

Question 9

Structure: organismal level

Answer 9

The organismal level is the highest level of organization. It is the sum total of all structural levels working together. In short, it is the human being (or organism) as a whole.

Question 10

Define organic components

Answer 10

Carbon containing compounds

Question 11

Define inorganic compound

Answer 11

Lack carbon and tend to be small, simple molecules.

Question 12

Examples: inorganic compound

Answer 12

Water, salts, and many acids and bases

Question 13

Example: organic compound

Answer 13

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 14

Define PH and its significance to the body

Answer 14

Scale from 1-14, used to describe the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Blood should be close to 7.4 on the PH scale. A PH level of less than 7 indicates acidic and more than 7 is alkaline

Question 15

Define homeostasis

Answer 15

When the body regulates body temperature in an effort to maintain an internal temperature around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. Ex. We sweat to cool off and shiver to produce heat.

Question 16

Define: active cellular transport

Answer 16

Transports molecules through the cell membrane against the concentration gradient so more of the substance is inside the cell (i.e. a nutrient) or outside the cell (i.e. a waste) than normal. Disrupts equilibrium established by diffusion.

Question 17

Define: passive cellular transport

Answer 17

Maintains dynamic equilibrium of water, gases, nutrients, wastes, etc. between cells and extracellular fluid; allows for small nutrients and gases to enter/exit. No NET diffusion/osmosis after equilibrium is established. Does not require cellular energy.

Question 18

Example: active transport

Answer 18

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, sodium/potassium pump, secretion of a substance into the bloodstream (process is opposite of phagocytosis & pinocytosis)

Question 19

Example: passive transport

Answer 19

diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.

Question 20

Define anatomy

Answer 20

the structure of an animal or plant, or of any of its parts.

Question 21

Characteristics: nervous tissue

Answer 21

It is made of many cells packed closely together (there is little extracellular material between cells);
Most of the cells are strongly branching

Question 22

Function: nervous tissue

Answer 22

Internal communication.

Question 23

Characteristics: muscle tissue

Answer 23

They are made of many cells close together (there is little extracellular material between muscle cells).
They are well vascularized (lots of blood vessels).
The cells are elongated.
The cells contain myofilaments (contractile proteins).

Question 24

Function : muscle tissue

Answer 24

Contracts to cause movement

Question 25

Characteristics : epithelial tissue

Answer 25

pithelial layers are avascular, so they must receive nourishment via diffusion of substances from the underlying connective tissue, through the basement membrane. Epithelia can also be organized into clusters of cells that function as exocrine and endocrine glands. Exocrine and endocrine epithelial cells are highly vascular. Cells in epithelium are densely packed together like bricks in a wall, leaving very little intercellular space. The cells can form continuous sheets, which are attached to each other at many locations by tight junctions and desmosomes.

Question 26

Function: epithelial tissue

Answer 26

Forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters

Question 27

Characteristics : connective tissue

Answer 27

Connective tissues are characterized by abundant amounts of extracellular matrix in which a variety of cell types are dispersed. The extracellular matrix between the cells usually includes fibers of one or more types embedded in an amorphous ground substance.
Connective tissues are classified into four classes: BLOOD, BONE, CARTILAGE, CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER.

Question 28

Function : connective tissue

Answer 28

Supports, protects, binds other tissues together

Question 29

Function of the integumentary system

Answer 29

Forms the external body covering, protects deeper tissue from injury, synthesis of vitamin D, location of Cutaneous nerve receptors

Question 30

Function of the skeletal system

Answer 30

Protects and supports body organs, provides muscle attachment for movement, sight of blood cell formation, stores minerals

Question 31

Function of the muscular system

Answer 31

Allows locomotion, maintains posture, produces heat

Question 32

Function of the nervous system

Answer 32

fast acting control system, response to internal and Extertal change, activates muscles and glands

Question 33

Function of the endocrine system

Answer 33

Secretes regulatory hormones: growth, reproduction, metabolism

Question 34

Function of the cardiovascular system

Answer 34

Transports minerals in the body via blood pumped by heart: oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste

Question 35

Function of the lymphatic system

Answer 35

Returns fluids to blood vessels, dispose of debris, involved in immunity

Question 36

Function of respiratory system

Answer 36

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide

Question 37

Function of the digestive system

Answer 37

Breaks down food, allows for nutrient absorption into blood, eliminates indigestible material

Question 38

Function of the urinary system

Answer 38

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes, maintains acid-base balance, regulates water and electrolytes

Question 39

Function of reproductive system

Answer 39

Production of offspring