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World Geography > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Early cultural hearths?

A

The Nile, Tigris & Euphrates, Indus & Ganges, Yellow River & Yangzi.

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2
Q

Why does migration happen?

A

Because of push/pull factors.

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3
Q

How much of the world’s population lives within 500 miles of the ocean?

A

2/3

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4
Q

What type of areas have a scarce population?

A

Areas that are extremely dry, cold, or mountainous.

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5
Q

What are the three reasons why people live where they live?

A

Access to water, climate, arable land.

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6
Q

What are some urban functions?

A

Manufacturing, government, transportation, trade/office.

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7
Q

What do expansive population pyramids do?

A

Show larger numbers or percentages of the population in the younger age groups. Population growth is rapid. (Skinnier on top.)

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8
Q

What do constrictive population pyramids do?

A

Display lower numbers or percentages or younger people. Population growth is negative. (Fatter on top)

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9
Q

What do stationary population pyramids look like?

A

Boxy on the bottom, taper into a pyramid at the top.

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10
Q

What does a wide base indicate?

A

High birth rate.

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11
Q

What does a narrow base indicate?

A

Low birth rate.

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12
Q

What do concave sides indicate?

A

High death rate.

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13
Q

What do convex sides indicate?

A

Low death rate.

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14
Q

What do irregularities in the sides indicate?

A

A demographic anomaly.

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15
Q

What are characteristics of a city?

A

Developed infrastructure, system of utilities, transportation and housing.

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16
Q

What leads to cities forming?

A

Discovery of natural resources, transportation routes, food sources, etc.

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17
Q

What can population pyramids offer?

A

Population trends in the past, examine the current resident profile, project how the population will increase/decrease in the future.

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18
Q

Definition of culture?

A

The way of life of a group of people who share similar beliefs and customs.

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19
Q

What are things used to understand culture?

A

Spoken languages, practiced religions, smaller formed groups, people’s daily life, shared history, art forms created and how they make a living.

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20
Q

What are language families?

A

Large groups of languages having similar roots.

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21
Q

What is an ethnic group?

A

A group made up of people who share a common language, history, place of origin, or a combination of these elements.

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22
Q

What else do geographers also analyze to help understand a culture?

A

Governments.

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23
Q

What is a culture region?

A

Includes many different countries that have certain traits in common.

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24
Q

What is cultural diffusion?

A

The spread of new knowledge from one culture to another. Major factor in cultural development

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25
Q

What are cultural hearths?

A

Early centers of civilization whose ideas and practices spread to surrounding areas.

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26
Q

Most influential cultural hearths?

A

Egypt, Iraq, Pakistan, China, Mexico.

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27
Q

What set the stage for the rise of cities and civilizations?

A

Surplus food.

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28
Q

What is globalization?

A

The process by which the countries of the world have experienced greater connectivity.

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29
Q

What is connectivity?

A

The degree of connection between people, places and things.

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30
Q

Benefits of globalization?

A

Increased standard of living, larger selection of competitively priced goods/services, growth of creativity/innovation, new technology, cooperation and awareness, greater access to foreign culture.

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31
Q

What is standard of living?

A

Level of wealth, goods, and necessities available.

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32
Q

What are challenges of globalization?

A

Outsourcing, increasing gap between rich/poor, loss of culture, pandemics, environmental degradation.

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33
Q

What is outsourcing?

A

Setting up businesses abroad to produce parts and products for domestic use or sale.

34
Q

What are pandemics?

A

The spread of disease across a large area or even the world.

35
Q

What has helped foster cultural diffusion?

A

Migration.

36
Q

What is urban sprawl?

A

The spreading or urban areas onto undeveloped land near cities.

37
Q

The world’s _____ population is growing much faster than its ______.

A

Urban; rural.

38
Q

What is connectivity? (urban)

A

The directness of routes and communication linking pairs of places.

39
Q

All cities serve a variety of functions; what are some?

A

Manufacturing, retail, service centers.

40
Q

Cities are centers of what?

A

Culture and creativity.

41
Q

Urban advantages?

A

Diverse people/activities, innovation, creativity.

42
Q

Urban disadvantages?

A

Overcrowding, crime, poverty, social conflict, pollution.

43
Q

What is a metropolitan area?

A

A region that includes a central city and its surrounding suburbs.

44
Q

What is urban structure?

A

The arrangement of land use in urban areas/urban spatial structure

45
Q

Urban spatial structure?

A

Concerns the arrangement of public and private space in cities and the degree of connectivity/accessibility.

46
Q

What is central place theory?

A

A spatial theory in urban geography that attempts to explain the reasons behind the distribution patters, size, and number of cities/towns around the world.

47
Q

What is a world city?

A

A city generally considered to play an important role in the global economic system.

48
Q

World cities include what features?

A

International diverse cultures, an active influence on/interaction in world affairs, large population, major international airport, advanced transportation system. Ex. Istanbul.

49
Q

What does suburbia refer to?

A

An outlying community around the city.

50
Q

What are “Boomers”?

A

Edge cities developed around something like a shopping mall/huge retail complex. (most common)

51
Q

What are “Greenfields”?

A

New, master-planned city built on undeveloped land.

52
Q

What are “Uptowns”?

A

Historic activity centers built over an older city or town.

53
Q

What does urbanization also refer to?

A

Changes in the economic, social, and political structures of a region.

54
Q

Major effect of rapid urban growth?

A

Urban sprawl.

55
Q

What was the first city?

A

Mesopotamia.

56
Q

Specialization started to develop what?

A

Artisans, farmers, merchants, ruling elites.(military/religious leaders.)

57
Q

What were the people ruling the cities (usually the ruling elites) responsible for?

A

Writing the laws, levying taxes, supervising public building.

58
Q

What did Rome, the center of the Roman Empire, contribute?

A

Built all over Europe, roads still used today, developed the grid system to lay out their cities (later spread all over Europe), brought water from mountains by aqueducts.

59
Q

What caused the fall of the Roman Empire?

A

Invasion of the Germanic tribes.

60
Q

What happened during the Middle Ages?

A

Villages, etc. began to increase after Dark Ages, trade between villages would develop large cities.

61
Q

What happened during the Industrial Revolution?

A

Next large growth of cities–started in Europe and spread to North America in the late 1700’s.

62
Q

What happened during immigration and the second Agricultural Revolution?

A

Helped spread urbanization in the twentieth century; rural to urban migration; dramatically increased size of NA cities.

63
Q

What is an urban environment?

A

Shaped by human activities, cities have to deal with problems and increasing population.

64
Q

Urban landscape is made of?

A

Site (physical features) and situation (position of a place in relation to all places around it); influences on where people will settle.

65
Q

What factors do we need for a city?

A

Water (fresh), abundant food source, fertile land, good climate, natural protection, (site), near a trade center, river for transportation, located near natural resources, (situation).

66
Q

What is development in reference to geography?

A

Refers to improvements in the economic and social welfare of people as well as improvements in production and technology.

67
Q

Countries specialize to which economic activities?

A

Ones that are suited to their resources.

68
Q

Geographers and economists classify all of the world’s economic activities into what four groups?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary.

69
Q

What are primary economic activities?

A

They involve taking or using natural resources directly from the Earth.

70
Q

What are secondary economic activities?

A

Use of raw materials to make a tangible product.

71
Q

What are tertiary economic activities?

A

Do not involve directly acquiring and remaking natural resources; providing services to people/businesses.

72
Q

What are quaternary economic activities?

A

Concerned with the processing, management, and distribution of information.

73
Q

What are more developed countries?

A

Countries having more technology and manufacturing.

74
Q

What are newly industrialized countries?

A

Countries that have moved from being primarily agricultural to primarily manufacturing and industrial activities.

75
Q

What are less developed countries?

A

Countries where agriculture remains dominant, and usually live in poverty.

76
Q

What is human development?

A

The process that increases the range of choices available to people to live a long, healthy, and prosperous life.

77
Q

What do social, political and demographic factors help define in a country?

A

Its level of development.

78
Q

What is the HDI used to rank?

A

A country’s level of development through health, education and living standards.

79
Q

What is world trade?

A

The exchange of capital, labor, goods, and services across international borders or territories, involving the import and export of goods.

80
Q

What are some things that promotes a complex network of trade among countries?

A

Unequal distribution of natural resources, different labor costs and education.

World Geography (5 decks)

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