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AP Psych > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

detaching, converting and transmitting raw sensory info from the environment

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2
Q

perception

A

selecting, organizing and interpreting sensory info

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3
Q

top down processing

A

higher level mental process, conduct perceptions on our experiments and expectations

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4
Q

bottom up processing

A

analysis that begins with sensory receptors

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5
Q

schema

A

collection of basic knowledge about a concept that serves as a guide to perception, interpretation and imaginations

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6
Q

perceptual set

A

mental predisposition (schema) influence how we perceive sensory info

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7
Q

selective attention

A

the ability to focus on a particular object or activity while ignoring competing stimuli

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8
Q

divided attention

A

the ability to focus on multiple tasks
- multitasking
- complex executive function

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9
Q

cocktail party effect

A

ability to focus on one voice with a mix of conversations and background noise

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10
Q

gestalt

A

process of interpreting and organizing visual info
- take different perceptions to make a whole (filling in holes)
- top down processing

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11
Q

law of prognanz

A

people will interpret ambiguous or complex images in the simplest form

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12
Q

closure

A

the tendency to fill in gaps in figures and to see incomplete figures as complete
Ex: dnt wry abt it

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13
Q

proximity

A

tendency to perceive objects that are close to one another as being grouped together in a meaningful way

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14
Q

similarity

A

elements that are similar are perceived to be more related than elements that are not similar

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15
Q

continuity

A

tendency to perceive each of two or more objects as a different, singular and uninterrupted even when intersect
- lines are the smoothest path

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16
Q

connectedness

A

elements that are connected by uniform visual properties are perceived as connected

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17
Q

figure group

A

in most visual scenes, we pick out objects that stand out against their surroundings

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18
Q

depth perception

A

the ability to perceive the relative distance of objects in the visual field

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19
Q

binocular cues

A

images captured by both eyes to create an image
- retinal disparity
- convergence

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20
Q

retinal disparity

A

the slight different between the images projected onto each retina
Ex: closing and opening each eye the objects move slightly

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21
Q

convergence

A

cues that rely on the way your eye muscles work

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22
Q

accommodation

A

cues that came from muscles attached to the lens

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23
Q

monocular depth cues

A

depth cues that can be determined with one eye

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24
Q

interposition

A

distance determined based on the fact that objects overlaps or partially covers another

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25
Q

relative clarity

A

objects that appear sharper and more clear are closer than hazy objects

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26
Q

relative size

A

closer object appear larger than distant objects

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27
Q

texture gradient

A

smaller objects are more thickly clustered appearing further than objects spread out in space

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28
Q

linear perspective

A

two parallel lines converge, we perceive that vanishing point being further away

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29
Q

brightness constancy

A

tendency to perceive an objects brightness as the same under different lighting conditions

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30
Q

color constancy

A

perceive a familiar object as having the same color under different lights

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31
Q

perceptual adaptations

A

a temporary change in how a person sees or perceives something after being exposed to a new/intense stimuli

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32
Q

apparent movement

A

perception of movement created by rapidly displaying still images
Ex: flip book
- stroboscopic movement

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33
Q

stroboscopic movement

A

we perceive movement
Ex: flip book of picture to create the perception of movement

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34
Q

cognition

A

mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating

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35
Q

metacognition

A

thinking about how you think
- evaluating your mental process
- plan, reflect, adjust

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36
Q

concept

A

mental grouping of similar ideas, objects, events or people

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37
Q

prototype

A

most typical member in a conceptual category
- stereotype or first thing you think of when given a category

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38
Q

schema

A

cluster of related concepts; mental frameworks that help us organize and interpret data

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39
Q

assimilation

A

interpreting new experiences in terms of our existing schema

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40
Q

accommodation

A

adjusting our schemas to incorporate info provided by new experiences

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41
Q

divergent thinking

A

coming up with as many possible situations

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42
Q

convergent thinking

A

narrowing available solutions to determine the single best one

43
Q

functional fixedness

A

cognitive bias that hinders creativity and pre vents problem solving
Ex: it’s just a sock

44
Q

algorithm

A

methodical, logical rule or procedure to arrive at a solution
- correct solution GUARANTEED
- Ex: trying every possible combination of a four digit code to get the right one

45
Q

heuristic

A

mental shortcut that allows judgement to solve problems fast
- correct answer NOT GUARANTEED
- Ex: trying obvious passwords like 1234 or the birthday of the person

46
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

a mental shortcut that involved judging whether something belongs to a given class based on similarity to other members of the class

47
Q

availability heuristic

A

mental shortcut in which judgments are made based on recent events
Ex: during Covid someone coughs and you assume they have covid

48
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to process info by looking for info that is consistent with existing beliefs

49
Q

belief perseverance

A

tendency to believe even when presented with credible contradictory evidence

50
Q

mental set

A

tendency to apply a previously technique in solving a new problem

51
Q

priming

A

introducing someone to a stimuli
Ex: how do you spell…

52
Q

framing

A

the process of defining the context of a question
Ex: 20% fat or 80% lean beef

53
Q

gambler’s fallacy

A

the mistaken belief held that random processes are self-correcting

54
Q

sunk-cost fallacy

A

the tendency to continue a course of action in which one already invested time and money
Ex: we already paid we might as well stay until the end

55
Q

executive functions

A

generate, organize, plan, carry out behaviors, experience critical thinking

56
Q

encoding

A

getting info into memory

57
Q

storage

A

maintaining and retaining encoded info over time

58
Q

retrieval

A

getting info out of memory storage

59
Q

automatic processing

A

information that enters long term memories without conscious effort…. result of repetitive training (straight to long term)

60
Q

effortful processing

A

conscious act of encoding info into memory, requiring effort and focus
Ex: making quixlet for class

61
Q

iconic sensory memory

A

vast but fleeting visual memory

62
Q

echoic

A

vast but fleeting auditory memory

63
Q

working memory

A

allocation attention, decision making, task shifting, memory retrieval, inhibit distraction

64
Q

central executive

A

relies on prefrontal cortex
- working memory (temp. short term)
- response inhibition (impulse control)
- set shifting
- delay gratification

65
Q

visuospatial sketchpad

A

stores and manipulates info in a visual form
Ex: picturing a route to school, image of #s your manipulating

66
Q

phonological loop

A

stores and manipulates spoken nd written info
Ex: repeating a 6 digit code to remember it

67
Q

levels of processing

A

structural, phonemic, semantic

68
Q

structural processing

A

focus on physical quality of word (letters)
Shallowest level

69
Q

phonemic processing

A

sounds of the word
- rhymes and syllables
middle level

70
Q

semantic processing

A

meaning of the words
- how does it relate to something I already know?
deepest level

71
Q

long term potentiation

A

the strengthening of synapses after repeated activation
- kind of like a muscle

72
Q

explicit memory

A

stored in hippocampus
- conscious recollection

73
Q

semantic memory

A

collection of facts, general knowledge
Ex: when was Pearl Harbor?

74
Q

episodic memory

A

specific personal events
Ex: What did you do after states?

75
Q

implicit memory

A

involved the basal ganglia
- function automatically and influences behavior without conscious effort
Ex: procedural, priming, classically conditioned assocaitons

76
Q

procedural (implicit)

A

how to perform a learned skill or motor actions
Ex: riding a bike

77
Q

priming (implicit)

A

expose to one stimlus can influence the response to the next one

78
Q

classically conditioned associations (implicit)

A

assoctiation between some neural stimuli
Ex: not being able to eat a certain food if you had a bad experience with it growing up

79
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering to perform actions in the future

80
Q

method of loci

A

known as the memory placing technique
- uses visual info and spacial memory to memorize and recall

81
Q

chunking

A

the organization of items into familiar and manageable chunks

82
Q

spacing effect

A

learning is more effective in short study sessions more spread out than crammed together

83
Q

testing effect

A

learning and memory are increased by inclusion of practice tests

84
Q

serial position effect

A

you are more likely to remember the first (primary) and last (recency) terms

85
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

repeating info to store in short and working memory

86
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

deep focusing technique that involves connecting new info with stored info

87
Q

highly superior autobiographical memory

A

superior ability to recall specific details of autobiographical events (photographic memory)

88
Q

autobiographical memory

A

recollection of specific personal info and events

89
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

damage to hippocampus
- inability to form new explicit memories

90
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

damage to association areas
- inability to retrieve explicit memories of the past

91
Q

alzheimers disease

A

deterioraten of cholinergic neurons
- use Ash to send messages

92
Q

infantile amnesia

A

after two years, weak connections are pruned and erased

93
Q

recall

A

active reconstruction of memery
(essays, open ended, etc)

94
Q

recognition

A

cured recall, identifying something previously encountered (face, MCQ, etc)

95
Q

context effect/context dependent

A

more likely to recall if the context during retrieval is the same during encoding
Ex: sitting in the same seat where you learned the info

96
Q

state dependent memory

A

more likely to recall info if internal state is similar as when it was encoded
Ex: hungry, tired, drunk

97
Q

mood congruent memory

A

more likely to recall memories that match current mood
Ex: sad, happy, dejected

98
Q

forgetting curve

A

memory as a function of time
- most information is forgotten in 24hrs

99
Q

proactive interference

A

old interferes with new

100
Q

retroactive interference

A

new interferes with old

101
Q

inadequate retrieval

A

insufficient retrieval cues

102
Q

tip of the tongue phenomenon

A

state in which one cannot recall a familiar word with similar form and meaning

103
Q

repression

A

unwanted, painful memories are pushed into unconscious (cant consciously recall) but still affect our behavior

104
Q

misinformation effect

A

tendency for the info you learned after an event to interfere with your original memory of what happened

AP Psych (3 decks)

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