Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Psych > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Nature

A

Heredity: DNA, Chromosomes, inherited brain chemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Nurture

A

Environmental factors: family interactions, where you live, education, diet, pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Genetic Predisposition

A

Increased likelihood of developing a disease based on genetic makeup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Natural Selection

A

Inherited traits that enable an organism to survive, survival of the fittest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Eugenics

A

Pseudoscientific view that the genetic makeup of the population can be improved by selective breeding, preventing reproduction by people with various ability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Twin Studies

A

Identical twins separated at birth can determine impact of nurture, fraternal twins raised together can determine differences due to nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Family Studies

A

Research conducted among siblings, parents and children can assess evidence for genetic links

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Adoption Studies

A

Investigates relationships among genetic and environmental factors in the development
- Parent - child pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nervous System Breakdown

A

Central Branch and Peripheral Branch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brian and spinal cord
- brain: command center
- spinal cord: sends messages to and from the brain (handles fast reflexes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Peripheral System Breakdown

A

Somatic and Autonomic Systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Somatic System

A
  • Carries motor messages from brain to skeletal muscles (motor efferent neurons)
  • Messages to brain from sense organs (sensory afferent neurons)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Autonomic System

A

Controls glands and muscles of internal organs
- Breathing
- Pupil dilation
- heart beat
- digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Autonomic System Breakdown

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sympathetic system

A

flight or flight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Parasympathetic system

A

rest and digest
- returns body to homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Neurons

A

Transmits information
- sensory
- motor
- interneurons
(like a queen bee, cannot feed or protect themselves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Glial Cells

A

structure, insulation, communication, waste transportation (like worker bees, provide structure)
Ex: Schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Simple automatic response to sensory stimulus BEFORE stimulus reaches the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Neural transmission

A

the transfer of info between 2 neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Communication used by neurons

A

electrochemical signals transmitters at the synapse
- either excite or inhibit neuron from firing action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

communication used WITHIN neurons

A

electrical signals, action potentials
- send info from cell body to axon terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Resting potential

A

Neuron at rest, inside of neuron membrane is negatively charged compared to the outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Threshold

A

minimum intensity needed to trigger an action potential (neural impulse)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Action potential

A

neural impulse
- electrical charge that travels down the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Depolarization

A

movement of the cells membrane potential to a more positive value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

All or nothing principle

A

a neuron will either fire with full strength or not at all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

refractory period

A

a brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron has fired; subsequent action potentials cannot occur until the axon returns to it’s resting state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messengers of the nervous system
- degraded by enzymes in synaptic space
- reuptake THEN repackaged for reuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

reuptake

A

the reabsorption or a neurotransmitter by the pre synaptic neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

disease of CNS
- myelin sheath is destroyed causing slow down or death of neurons
(vision, movement and cognition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

affects neuromuscular system
- receptor on neurons responsible for muscle contraction attacked by immune system
(muscles, speech, AcH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Excitatory Neurons

A

increase the chances that the next chain will fire (achieve action potential)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Inhibitory Neurons

A

decrease the chances that the next neurons in the chain will fire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Hormones

A

chemical messengers of the endocrine system
- regulate growth, hunger, sleep, immune response, sexual motivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Adrenaline

A

fight or flight (adrenal glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Leptin

A

hunger suppressants (stomach)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Ghrelin

A

hunger stimulant
- Ex: growling stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Melatonin

A

sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Oxytocin

A

3 Ls; labor, lactation, love

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Acetylcholine Function (excitatory)

A

CNS: Attention, learning, memory
PNS: Musclee contractions
- slow acting neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

ACh Deficit

A

Dementia, paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

ACh Surplus

A

Spasm, cramps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Norepinephrine Functions (excitatory)

A

CNS: alertness, attention
PNS: fight or flight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Norepinephrine Deficit

A

depressed mood, attention and focus issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Serotonin Function (excitatory and inhibitory)

A

CNS: mood, hunger, sleep, arousal
PNS: modulates pain signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Serotonin Deficit

A

depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Dopamine Function (excitatory and inhibitory)

A

CNS: voluntary movement regulation, emotions, motivations, pleasure, reward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Dopamine deficit

A

tremors, decreased mobility (Parkinson’s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Dopamine Surplus

A

hallucinations (schizophrenia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

GABA Function (Inhibitory)

A

most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter
- sleep regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

GABA Deficit

A

anxiety, seizures, insomnia, Huntington’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

GABA Surplus

A

sedation, lack of coordination, memory impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Endorphines (inxibitatory)

A

inhibit pain, transmission, indirectly increase pleasure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

endorphin deficit

A

pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

endorphin surplus

A

euphoria (but if induced chemically, a suppression or end of production)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

substance p functions (excitatory)

A

modulates pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

substance p surplus

A

chronic pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

glutamate function (excitatory)

A

most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter
- involved in memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

glutamate surplus

A

migraines, seizures, anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

chemicals that alter Brian function by interacting with neurotransmitter systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

agonist

A

enhances the effect of a neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

agonist

A

prevents the effect of a neurotransmitter (occupies post synaptic neuron)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

reuptake inhibitor

A

enhances the effect of neurotransmitters by blocking its reuptake (excess amount of neurotransmitters in synapse)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Stimulants

A

increased neural activity
Ex: caffeine and cociane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Caffeine

A

increased concentration, alertness, elevated mood, anxiety, disrupts sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Cocaine

A

increased energy, euphoria, heightened alertness, anxiety paranoia and crash

reuptake inhibitor for norepinephrine (alertness), dopamine (reward system), seratonin (euphoria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Depressants

A

decreases neural activity
Ex: alcohol

70
Q

Alcohol

A

reduces anxiety and inhibitions
Impacts: Prefrontal cortex (impulse control and social behaviour) and Cerebellum (balance and coordination)

GABA Agonist

71
Q

Hallucinogens

A

indirectly stimulates dopamine release
- distortions in perception or cognition
Ex: Marijuana

72
Q

Marijuana

A

mild hallucinations, sensitivity to light and sound, euphoria and relaxation, memory loss

seratonin antagonist

73
Q

Opioids

A

pain treatment, endorphins agonist, neurons stop producing endorphins when opiates are present
Ex: Heroin

74
Q

Heroin

A

Pain relievers
- endorphin agonist

75
Q

Tolerance

A

requiring large doses to achieve the same effect

76
Q

stimulants withdrawal symptoms

A

fatigue, increased appetite, sleep and mood disturbance

77
Q

depressants withdrawal symptoms

A

anxiety, insomnia, seizures

78
Q

hallucinogens withdrawal symptoms

A

mood disturbances, disassociation, cognitive impairment

79
Q

opioids withdrawal symptoms

A

anxiety, insomnia, nausea, intense cravings

80
Q

brainstem

A

arousal, attention and vital life functions (medulla, pons)

81
Q

reticular activating system

A

attention and arousal
- sensory filter: controls consciousness, motivation and reward system

82
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinated movement (basal ganglia), balance

83
Q

thalamus

A

sensory (relay) station, direct sensory read in cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

84
Q

hypothalamus

A

bridge between nervous and endocrine system
4Fs: flight/fight, feeding, Fahrenheit, fornication
BODY REGULATION

85
Q

pituitary gland

A

controlled by hypothalamus
- secretes prolactin and oxytocin
- major role in growth and development

86
Q

Hippocampus

A

forms memories
- converts short term to long term memories

87
Q

amygdala

A

fear and aggressions
- sends info to hypothalamus to trigger fight or flight

88
Q

corpus callosum

A

neural fibers that connect the two hemispheres

89
Q

occipital lobes

A

vision!!
- contains the visual cortex

90
Q

temporal lobes

A

auditory!!
- contains auditory complex (linguistic processing)
- FFA (Fusiform Facial Area)
- Werinicke’s area.: land and comprehension (on left hemisphere)

91
Q

parietal lobes

A

primary somatosensory cortex
- processes pain, pressure, temp
- association areas for spatial reasoning and attention

92
Q

frontal lobes

A

linguistics, thinking, judgment and impulse
- pre-frontal not developed til early 20s

93
Q

medulla

A

breathing, heart rate, involuntary reflex

94
Q

brocas

A

left frontal lobe
- speech production

95
Q

biopsychology

A

link between biological and psychological processing

96
Q

plasticity

A

brain’s ability to create new pathways or strengthen existing ones in response to damage

97
Q

Phineas gage

A

damage to frontal lobe led to impulsiveness, irresponsibility and personality change

98
Q

H.M

A

no hippocampus to deal with epilepsy
- loss of memory

99
Q

EEG

A

non-invasive tool to see brainwave activity, useful to diagnose seizures and sleep disorders

100
Q

fMRI

A

brain imaging technique to see blood flow and oxygenation
- shows which part of brain is active

101
Q

Lesioning

A

removal of a part of the brain if damaged or necessary

102
Q

split brain research

A

study of people who have had corpus callosum or a hemisphere removed

103
Q

left hemisphere roles

A

language, logic, motor control of the right

104
Q

right hemisphere roles

A

abstract thought, facial recognition, motor control of the left

105
Q

contralateral hemisphere organization

A

property of the brain that causes brain hemispheres to represent the other side of the body

106
Q

circadian rhythm

A

body works on a 24 hr schedule

107
Q

NREM 1

A

hallucination sensations, hypnogogic sensations

108
Q

hypnogogic sensation

A

vivid, visual and auditory experiences

109
Q

NREM 2

A

sleep spindles

110
Q

NREM 3

A

delta waves, deep sleep

111
Q

sleep spindles

A

bursts of rapid brain wave activity that helps with memory processing

112
Q

delta waves

A

large slow brains waves in NREM 3

113
Q

REM

A

recurring sleep stage with vivid dreams
- brainstem blocks motor cortex leaving you essentially paralyzed during sleep

114
Q

REM rebound

A

natural response to sleep deprivation where you oversleep or sleep more the next night

115
Q

Why do we sleep? (Memory consolidation)

A

Strengthening memories we acquire throughout the day

116
Q

Why do we sleep? (Restoration)

A

body repairs on the cellular level

117
Q

Insomnia

A

difficulty falling or staying asleep

118
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Uncontrollable sleep attacks, instant from wakeful to REMS

119
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

Temporary cessations (not breathing) durinng sleep
- repeated wakenings

120
Q

Somnambulism

A

sleepwalking (during stage NREM 3)

121
Q

Dream theories? Activation synthesis

A

dreams are our brain making sense of random neural firings

122
Q

Dream theories? Consolidation theory

A

serve a physiological function like sleep, reflected memory consolidation

123
Q

Sensation

A

the process buy which we receive information from the environment

124
Q

Transduction

A

process of converting energy of stimulus into neural activity

125
Q

Absolute threshold

A

minimum energy needed to produce a sensation 50% of the time

126
Q

sensory adaptation

A

changes that you are able to detect

127
Q

just-noticeable different

A

the smallest difference between 2 stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time

128
Q

Weber’s Law

A

it is harder to diffrentiate diffrences to higher stimuli
Ex: its harder to differentiate volume 35-40 compared to 5-10

129
Q

Sensory interacton

A

when our five sense wok together and influence each other

130
Q

Synethesia

A

when your brain routes sensory information to multiple sensory cortex, you experience more than one sense at a time
Ex: seeing colors associated with sound

131
Q

McGurk effect

A

sight is dominant over other senses

132
Q

optic nerve

A

carries visual info from eye to brain

133
Q

fovea

A

located in the center of the retina (cones)

134
Q

cornea

A

transparent covering over the eye the focuses light waves

135
Q

pupil

A

opening in the eye where the light comes through

136
Q

lens

A

colored part that is attached to muscles to expand or retract the lens

137
Q

accommodation

A

when the lens changes shape to focus on images in front of you

138
Q

photoreceptors

A

located on the retina (rods and cones)

139
Q

rods

A

see black and white, peripheral vision, low light, movement and shapes

140
Q

cones

A

interpret color, found in center of retina in the fovea

141
Q

red color waves

A

longest wave

142
Q

green color wave

A

middle length wave

143
Q

blue color wave

A

shortest waves

144
Q

blind spot

A

area where there are no rods or cones, where optic never connects to the retina

145
Q

trichromatic theory

A

the eye has 3 different cone systems that respond to the 3 colors: red, green, blue

146
Q

opponent process theory

A

opposite colors are pairs
(blue v yellow)

147
Q

prosopagnosia

A

face blindness, issue with connection in the FFA

148
Q

blighsight

A

awareness of visual information but cortically blind

149
Q

semicircular canals

A

filled with fluid that help with balance and head positioning

150
Q

pinna

A

collects sounds waves

151
Q

auditory never

A

deliver impulses to the brain

152
Q

tympanic membrane

A

separated outer ear from the middle ear and vibrate with sound

153
Q

cochlea

A

filled with fluid and hair cells that vibrate to produce sound

154
Q

wavelength of sound waves

A

pitch

155
Q

amplitude of sound waves

A

volume

156
Q

place theory

A

we hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity in a different part of the cochlea

157
Q

volley theory

A

different pitches trigger different impulses to the brain

158
Q

frequency theory

A

neural cells work together, alternating when they fire

159
Q

sound localization

A

ability to identify the position of where sound is based on which ear hears first or loudest

160
Q

conduction deafness

A

damage to mechanical system that transmits sound waves, damage to cochlea or any mechanism before

161
Q

sensorineural deafness

A

most common
- damage to the cochlear hair cells or auditory nerve

162
Q

olfaction

A

sense of smell

163
Q

gustation

A

taste

164
Q

flavors we experience

A

sweet, salty, sour, umami, bitter, oleogustus

165
Q

supertaster

A

lots of tastebuds

166
Q

nontaster

A

less taste buds on tongue

167
Q

Types of touch

A

warm, cold, pressure, pain

168
Q

touch pathway

A

nociceptors –> thalamus –> parietal lobe –> sensory cortex

169
Q

gate control theory

A

non-painful sensory input can block painful sensation reaching the brain
Ex: rub a spot where it hurts

170
Q

phantom limb

A

the ability to feel sensation or pain in limbs that no longer exist

171
Q

vestibular sense

A

enables balance controlled by semicircular canals

172
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

enable control and coordination over movements (walking, talking, facial expressions)

AP Psych (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions