Unit 0 Flashcards
Quiz 1
Critical Thinking
Problem-focuseed thinking, used to examine validity of a hypothesis
Hindsight Bias
To overstate the fact that one knew something was going to happen after even occurred (Ex: I knew she was about to score a goal)
Overconfidence
Overestimated one’s ability to perform a task, believing one is better than others
Confirmation Bias
Tendency to gather information that supports our own beliefs, finding supporting evidence and dismissing contradictory opinions
Fallibility
The ability to be proven false
Operation Definition
Specific parameters necessary for replication of experiment
Reliability
Consistency, ability to give consistent results (not necessarily correct results)
Validity
Accuracy, correct results (therefore must be reliable)
Convenience Samling
Only sampling people close to you creating bias
Representative Sample
Sample that is an accurate representation of the larger population
Qualitative Research
Non numerical data (Ex: structured interviews)
Quantitative Research
Numerical data to test hypothesis
Survey Method Pros
- Cheap
- Easy
- Lots of data
Survey Method Cons
- Biased
- Framing of ?s
- Social Desirability Bias
Self-report Bias
Responding falsely to survey
Social Desirability Bias
Answering to fit social norms
Case Study Pros
- Generate Ideas
- Unique Quality
- No unethical treatment
Case Study Cons
- No generalizability
- Time-consuming
- Can’t say the same for a broad group
Meta-analysis
The statistical combination of results from two or more separate studies
Meta-analysis Pros
Accuracy
Meta-Analysis Cons
- Applicability (limited sample size)
- Factors left out
Naturalistic Observation
Observing and recording behavior in natural situations (no attempt to manipulate)
Naturalistic Observation Pros
- Inclusion of all outside factors
- Ecological validity
Naturalistic Observation Cons
- No variables manipulated
- People change behavior if they know they are being watched
- time consuming
Correlation
the extent to which two variable are related
Correlation Pros
- Predicts behavior
- Shows unknown relationships
- Dispel Illusory correlations
Correlation Cons
- Directional problem (which variable causes what)
- 3rd variable problem
Correlation Coefficient
Shows strength of correlation
-1 - 1 (0 = weak)
Directionality Problem
Which variable influences which (A causes B or B causes A)
Third Variable Problem
Another variable influencing the correlation
