Unit 0

Question 1

Critical Thinking

Answer 1

Problem-focuseed thinking, used to examine validity of a hypothesis

Question 2

Hindsight Bias

Answer 2

To overstate the fact that one knew something was going to happen after even occurred (Ex: I knew she was about to score a goal)

Question 3

Overconfidence

Answer 3

Overestimated one’s ability to perform a task, believing one is better than others

Question 4

Confirmation Bias

Answer 4

Tendency to gather information that supports our own beliefs, finding supporting evidence and dismissing contradictory opinions

Question 5

Fallibility

Answer 5

The ability to be proven false

Question 6

Operation Definition

Answer 6

Specific parameters necessary for replication of experiment

Question 7

Reliability

Answer 7

Consistency, ability to give consistent results (not necessarily correct results)

Question 8

Validity

Answer 8

Accuracy, correct results (therefore must be reliable)

Question 9

Convenience Samling

Answer 9

Only sampling people close to you creating bias

Question 10

Representative Sample

Answer 10

Sample that is an accurate representation of the larger population

Question 11

Qualitative Research

Answer 11

Non numerical data (Ex: structured interviews)

Question 12

Quantitative Research

Answer 12

Numerical data to test hypothesis

Question 13

Survey Method Pros

Answer 13

• Cheap
• Easy
• Lots of data

Question 14

Survey Method Cons

Answer 14

• Biased
• Framing of ?s
• Social Desirability Bias

Question 15

Self-report Bias

Answer 15

Responding falsely to survey

Question 16

Social Desirability Bias

Answer 16

Answering to fit social norms

Question 17

Case Study Pros

Answer 17

• Generate Ideas
• Unique Quality
• No unethical treatment

Question 18

Case Study Cons

Answer 18

• No generalizability
• Time-consuming
• Can’t say the same for a broad group

Question 19

Meta-analysis

Answer 19

The statistical combination of results from two or more separate studies

Question 20

Meta-analysis Pros

Answer 20

Accuracy

Question 21

Meta-Analysis Cons

Answer 21

• Applicability (limited sample size)
• Factors left out

Question 22

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 22

Observing and recording behavior in natural situations (no attempt to manipulate)

Question 23

Naturalistic Observation Pros

Answer 23

• Inclusion of all outside factors
• Ecological validity

Question 24

Naturalistic Observation Cons

Answer 24

• No variables manipulated
• People change behavior if they know they are being watched
• time consuming

Question 25

Correlation

Answer 25

the extent to which two variable are related

Question 26

Correlation Pros

Answer 26

• Predicts behavior
• Shows unknown relationships
• Dispel Illusory correlations

Question 27

Correlation Cons

Answer 27

• Directional problem (which variable causes what)
• 3rd variable problem

Question 28

Correlation Coefficient

Answer 28

Shows strength of correlation
-1 - 1 (0 = weak)

Question 29

Directionality Problem

Answer 29

Which variable influences which (A causes B or B causes A)

Question 30

Third Variable Problem

Answer 30

Another variable influencing the correlation