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AP Human Geography > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Population distribution

A

The pattern of human settlement - spread of people across the Earth

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2
Q

Population concentration

A

How close together or far apart people are

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3
Q

Population density: arithmetic

A

The amount of people per unit area of all land

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4
Q

Population density: physiological

A

Number of people per unit area of arable land

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5
Q

Population density: agricultural

A

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of arable land

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6
Q

Population composition

A

The elements of a population (such as age, sex, ethnicity) that may be mapped and graphed at various scales

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7
Q

Age-sex composition / structure

A

The composition of a population as determined by the number or proportion of males and females in each age category

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8
Q

Population pyramids

A

A graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population

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9
Q

Demographic factors

A

Things which determine population growth and decline, such as fertility, mortality, and migration

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10
Q

Fertility rate

A

The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years

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11
Q

Mortality rate

A

The % of people who die during a set time in a specific area or country; e.g. infant mortality rate

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12
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

The % of infants who die in a set time in a specific area or country

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13
Q

Rate of natural increase

A

The difference between the number of births and number of deaths within a specific country; can be positive or negative

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14
Q

Population doubling times

A

Time period required for a population experiencing exponential growth to double in size completely

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15
Q

Zero population growth

A

The population neither increase nor decrease since the number of births equals the number of deaths

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16
Q

Overpopulation

A

The condition of having an excessive amount of people in a set area.

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17
Q

Demographic transition model

A

A geographic model that describes the process of change in a society’s population; it explains the sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time

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18
Q

Malthusian theory

A

Thomas Malthus created the theory that claims that population grows at an exponential rate while food production increases arithmetically, and thereby that, eventually, population would outpace food production

19
Q

Epidemiologic transition model

A

A geographic model that describes the process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition model

20
Q

Pro-natalist

A

A belief that promotes reproduction of sentient life

21
Q

Anti-natalist

A

A philosophical position that assigns a negative value to birth

22
Q

Aging population

A

Is an increasing median age in the population of a region due to declining fertility rates and/or rising life expectancy

23
Q

Crude birth rate

A

The number of live births per year per 1,000 people

24
Q

Crude death rate

A

The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people

25
Q

Life expectancy

A

The average age individuals are expected to live, which varies across space, between genders, and even between races

26
Q

Dependency ratio

A

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

27
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The population the land can support without significant environmental deterioration

28
Q

Migration

A

The movement of people from one place to another

29
Q

Push factors

A

Factors that cause people to want to leave a country and migrate

30
Q

Pull factors

A

Factors that cause people to want to enter another country and migrate

31
Q

Forced migration

A

The migration event in which individuals are forced to leave a country against their will

32
Q

Voluntary migration

A

Movement of an individual who consciously and voluntarily decides to relocate to a new area - opposite of forced migration

33
Q

Gravity model of migration

A

A model in urban geography derived from Newton’s law of gravity, and used to predict the degree of migration interaction between two places

34
Q

Refugees

A

People who leave their home because they are forced out, but not because they are officially relocated or enslaved

35
Q

Displaced persons

A

People who are forced to leave their home country because of war, persecution, or natural disaster; a refugee

36
Q

Asylum seekers

A

A person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another

37
Q

Immigration

A

The movement of persons into one country from another

38
Q

Emigration

A

The act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle elsewhere

39
Q

Internal migration

A

Is human migration within one geopolitical entity, usually a nation-state. Internal migration tends to be travel for education and for economic improvement or because of a natural disaster or civil disturbance

40
Q

Chain migration

A

The social process by which migrants from a particular town follow others from that town to a particular destination

41
Q

Step migration

A

Migration that follows a path of a series of stages or steps towards a final destination

42
Q

Transhumanance

A

Seasonal movement of livestock (such as sheep) between mountain and lowland pastures

43
Q

Remittance

A

Transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in their home country

44
Q

Brain drain

A

The emigration of highly skilled, trained or intelligent people from a particular country.

AP Human Geography (5 decks)

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