Unit 2 Flashcards
Population distribution
The pattern of human settlement - spread of people across the Earth
Population concentration
How close together or far apart people are
Population density: arithmetic
The amount of people per unit area of all land
Population density: physiological
Number of people per unit area of arable land
Population density: agricultural
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of arable land
Population composition
The elements of a population (such as age, sex, ethnicity) that may be mapped and graphed at various scales
Age-sex composition / structure
The composition of a population as determined by the number or proportion of males and females in each age category
Population pyramids
A graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population
Demographic factors
Things which determine population growth and decline, such as fertility, mortality, and migration
Fertility rate
The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years
Mortality rate
The % of people who die during a set time in a specific area or country; e.g. infant mortality rate
Infant mortality rate
The % of infants who die in a set time in a specific area or country
Rate of natural increase
The difference between the number of births and number of deaths within a specific country; can be positive or negative
Population doubling times
Time period required for a population experiencing exponential growth to double in size completely
Zero population growth
The population neither increase nor decrease since the number of births equals the number of deaths
Overpopulation
The condition of having an excessive amount of people in a set area.
Demographic transition model
A geographic model that describes the process of change in a society’s population; it explains the sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time
Malthusian theory
Thomas Malthus created the theory that claims that population grows at an exponential rate while food production increases arithmetically, and thereby that, eventually, population would outpace food production
Epidemiologic transition model
A geographic model that describes the process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition model
Pro-natalist
A belief that promotes reproduction of sentient life
Anti-natalist
A philosophical position that assigns a negative value to birth
Aging population
Is an increasing median age in the population of a region due to declining fertility rates and/or rising life expectancy
Crude birth rate
The number of live births per year per 1,000 people
Crude death rate
The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people
Life expectancy
The average age individuals are expected to live, which varies across space, between genders, and even between races
Dependency ratio
The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force
Carrying capacity
The population the land can support without significant environmental deterioration
Migration
The movement of people from one place to another
Push factors
Factors that cause people to want to leave a country and migrate
Pull factors
Factors that cause people to want to enter another country and migrate
Forced migration
The migration event in which individuals are forced to leave a country against their will
Voluntary migration
Movement of an individual who consciously and voluntarily decides to relocate to a new area - opposite of forced migration
Gravity model of migration
A model in urban geography derived from Newton’s law of gravity, and used to predict the degree of migration interaction between two places
Refugees
People who leave their home because they are forced out, but not because they are officially relocated or enslaved
Displaced persons
People who are forced to leave their home country because of war, persecution, or natural disaster; a refugee
Asylum seekers
A person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another
Immigration
The movement of persons into one country from another
Emigration
The act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle elsewhere
Internal migration
Is human migration within one geopolitical entity, usually a nation-state. Internal migration tends to be travel for education and for economic improvement or because of a natural disaster or civil disturbance
Chain migration
The social process by which migrants from a particular town follow others from that town to a particular destination
Step migration
Migration that follows a path of a series of stages or steps towards a final destination
Transhumanance
Seasonal movement of livestock (such as sheep) between mountain and lowland pastures
Remittance
Transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in their home country
Brain drain
The emigration of highly skilled, trained or intelligent people from a particular country.
