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AP Biology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The Smallest until that shows the properties of life, which means it has a capacity for metabolism, homeostasis, growth, and reproduction

A

cell

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2
Q

Type of cell that starts life with a nucleus

A

eukaryotic cell

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3
Q

Smaller and simpler, has no nucleus

A

prokaryotic cell

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4
Q

The cells outer membrane

A

plasma membrane

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5
Q

Double-membraned sac holds a eukaryotic cells DNA

A

nucleus

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6
Q

In prokaryotic cell, region of cytoplasm where DNA is concentrated

A

nucleoid

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7
Q

a semifluid mixture of water, sugars, ions, and proteins between the plasma membrane and the region of DNA

A

cytoplasm

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8
Q

Structures on which proteins are built, are suspended in cytoplasm

A

ribosomes

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9
Q

Physical relationship, strongly influences cell size and shape

A

surface-to-volume ratio

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10
Q

A double layer of lipids organized so that their hydrophobic tails are sandwiched between their hydrophilic heads

A

lipid bilayer

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11
Q

Surrounds the plasma membrane of nearly all prokaryotes

A

Cell wall

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12
Q

Slender cellular structures used for motion

A

Flagella/cilia

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13
Q

Project from the surface for some bacteria species, helps cling or move across surfaces

A

pili

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14
Q

Single-celled organisms live in a shared mass of slime

A

biofilm

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15
Q

A structure that carries out a specialized function inside a cell

A

organelle

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16
Q

Consists of two lipid bilayers folded together as a single membrane

A

Nuclear envelope

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17
Q

A viscous fluid similar to cytoplasm

A

nucleoplasm

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18
Q

irregularly shaped region where subunits of ribosomes are assembled from proteins and RNA

A

nucleolus

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19
Q

The names for all DNA, together with its associated proteins, in the nucleus

A

chromatin

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20
Q

Each molecule of DNA, together with its many attached proteins

A

chromosome

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21
Q

an extension of the nuclear envelope, lipid and protein synthesis

A

ER, Smooth and Rough ER

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22
Q

Contains enzymes that digest fatty acids and amino acids

A

peroxisomes

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23
Q

isolate and dispose of waste, debris, or toxic materials

A

Vacuole

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24
Q

puts finishing touches on proteins and lipids, sorts and packages them into vesicles to carry them to the cell membrane

A

golgi body

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25
Q

Vesicles that contain powerful digestive enzymes

A

Lysosomes

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26
Q

Specializes in making ATP

A

mitochondria

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27
Q

Membrane-enclosed organelles that function in photosynthesis or storage in plants and algal cells

A

Plastid

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28
Q

Organelles that are specialized for photosynthesis

A

choloroplast

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29
Q

Keeps plant cell and structures firm

A

central vacuole

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30
Q

Complex mixture of fibrous proteins an polysaccharides so secreted by cells,and varies with the type of tissue

A

extra cellular matrix

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31
Q

Structures that connect a cell to other cells and to the environment

A

Cell junction

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32
Q

An interconnected system of many protein filaments between the nucleus and plasma membrane

A

cytoskleton

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33
Q

Are long, hollow cylinders that consisted of subunits of the protein tubulin

A

microtubules

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34
Q

Are fibers that consists primarily of subunits of the globular proteins actin

A

microfilaments

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35
Q

A barrel shaped structure that plays a role in microtubule formation in cilia, flagella, and eukaryotic spindles

A

centriole

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36
Q

Functions as “false feet”

A

pseudopod

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37
Q

A cell membrane has a mixed composition(mosaic) of lipids and proteins, the interactions and motions of which impart fluidity to it

A

fluid mosaic model

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38
Q

Protein or RNA that catalyzes(speeds) a reaction without being changed by it

A

Enzymes

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39
Q

Fasten cells to other cells and to ECM in animals tissues

A

adhesion proteins

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40
Q

Function as unique identity tags for each individual or species

A

Recognition proteins

41
Q

Bind to a particular substance outside the cell, such as a hormone

A

receptor proteins

42
Q

Are integral membrane proteins that move specific ions or molecules across a lipid bilayer

A

transport proteins

43
Q

The membrane allows some substance but not others to cross it

A

selective permeability

44
Q

Is the number of molecules or ions of a substance per unit volume of fluid

A

concentration

45
Q

A difference in concentration between two adjacent regions

A

concentration gradient

46
Q

Is the net or overall movement of molecules or ions down a concentration gradient

A

diffusion

47
Q

A concentration gradient drives that diffusion of a solute across a cell membrane

A

passive transport

48
Q

A transport protein uses energy to pump a solute against its gradient across a cell membrane

A

active transport

49
Q

Are active transporters that move calcium ions across muscle cell membranes

A

calcium pump

50
Q

Move two substances at the same time

A

Cotransporter

51
Q

A vesicle that moves to the cell surface to leave the cell

A

exocytosis

52
Q

A cell that engulfs a substance to be inside the cell

A

endocytosis

53
Q

Is an endocytic pathway - cell eating

A

phagocytosis

54
Q

Water molecules tend to diffuse in response to their own concentration gradient

A

osmosis

55
Q

A fluid with a low solute concentration relative to another fluid

A

hypotonic

56
Q

A fluid with a higher solute concentration

A

hypertonic

57
Q

Two fluids withs the same solute concentration

A

isotonic

58
Q

Pressure that a volume of fluid exerts against a cell wall, membrane, tube, or anybody structure that holds

A

hydrostatic pressure

59
Q

The amount of hydrostatic pressure that can stop water from diffusing into cytoplasmic fluid or other hypertonic solution

A

osmotic pressure

60
Q

a nuclear division mechanism that occurs in the somatic cells(body cells) of multicellular eukaryotes

A

mitosis

61
Q

a nuclear division mechanism that precedes the formation of gametes or spores, and it is the basis of sexual reproduction

A

meiosis

62
Q

Two molecules of DNA stay attached as a single chromosome until late in the nuclear division

A

sister chromatid

63
Q

A double stranded DNA molecule winds twice around “spools” of proteins

A

histone

64
Q

The smallest unit of structural organization in eukaryotic chromosomes

A

nucleosome

65
Q

The region where sister chromatids constrict where they attach to one another

A

centromere

66
Q

The life of a cell passes through a sequence of events between each cell division

A

Cell cycle

67
Q

A cell copies all of its DNA before it divides

A

DNA replication

68
Q

Consists of G1, S, and G2 phases, and includes the replication of DNA

A

interphase

69
Q

Is the sum of all chromosomes in a cell of a given type

A

chromosome number

70
Q

Describes a cell that has two copies of each chromosome

A

Diploid

71
Q

A dynamic network of microtubules that is responsible in the separation of sister chromatids during mitosis

A

biopolar spindle

72
Q

Chromosomes condense and become visible

A

Prophase

73
Q

The alignment of the chromosomes at the midline

A

Metaphase

74
Q

The interval when sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and move toward opposite spindle poles

A

Anaphase

75
Q

The two clusters of chromosomes reach the spindle poles

A

Telophase

76
Q

Cytoplasmic division -divides cell organelles throughout the cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

77
Q

Is anchored to the plasma membrane

A

contractile ring

78
Q

Vesicles and their wall building contents fuse into disk shaped structures

A

Cell plate

79
Q

Active genes that stimulate cells to grow and divide

A

Growth factors

80
Q

An abnormal mass in the surrounding tissues

A

Tumor

81
Q

Abnormal masses of cells that lost control over how they grow and divide

A

Neoplasms

82
Q

When the abnormally dividing cells of a malignant neoplasm disrupt body tissues, physically and metabolically

A

Cancer

83
Q

Regions in DNA that encodes information about traits

A

Genes

84
Q

One parent produces offspring, so all of its offspring inherit the same number and kinds of genes

A

Asexual reproduction

85
Q

Genetically identical copies of the parent

A

Clone

86
Q

The process involving meiosis, formation of mature reproductive cells, and fertilization

A

Sexual reproduction

87
Q

Different forms of a gene

A

Allele

88
Q

Chromosomes have the same length, shape, and collection of genes

A

Homologous

89
Q

Immature reproduced cells

A

Germ cells

90
Q

Mature reproductive cells

A

Gametes

91
Q

Single set of chromosomes

A

Haploid

92
Q

The first cell of a new individual

A

Zygote

93
Q

The process by which a chromosome and its homologous partner exchange corresponding segments

A

Crossing over

94
Q

Are diploid spores form by meiosis in their specialized parts

A

sporophytes

95
Q

A multi celled haploid body inside which one or more gametes form

A

gametophytes

96
Q

Spermatid mature as a male gamete

A

Sperm

97
Q

Matured female gamete, also known as ovum

A

Egg

98
Q

The fusion of two gametes produces a zygote

A

Fertilization

AP Biology (3 decks)

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