Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Biology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The Smallest until that shows the properties of life, which means it has a capacity for metabolism, homeostasis, growth, and reproduction

A

cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Type of cell that starts life with a nucleus

A

eukaryotic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Smaller and simpler, has no nucleus

A

prokaryotic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The cells outer membrane

A

plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Double-membraned sac holds a eukaryotic cells DNA

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In prokaryotic cell, region of cytoplasm where DNA is concentrated

A

nucleoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

a semifluid mixture of water, sugars, ions, and proteins between the plasma membrane and the region of DNA

A

cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Structures on which proteins are built, are suspended in cytoplasm

A

ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Physical relationship, strongly influences cell size and shape

A

surface-to-volume ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A double layer of lipids organized so that their hydrophobic tails are sandwiched between their hydrophilic heads

A

lipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Surrounds the plasma membrane of nearly all prokaryotes

A

Cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Slender cellular structures used for motion

A

Flagella/cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Project from the surface for some bacteria species, helps cling or move across surfaces

A

pili

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Single-celled organisms live in a shared mass of slime

A

biofilm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A structure that carries out a specialized function inside a cell

A

organelle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Consists of two lipid bilayers folded together as a single membrane

A

Nuclear envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A viscous fluid similar to cytoplasm

A

nucleoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

irregularly shaped region where subunits of ribosomes are assembled from proteins and RNA

A

nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The names for all DNA, together with its associated proteins, in the nucleus

A

chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Each molecule of DNA, together with its many attached proteins

A

chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

an extension of the nuclear envelope, lipid and protein synthesis

A

ER, Smooth and Rough ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Contains enzymes that digest fatty acids and amino acids

A

peroxisomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

isolate and dispose of waste, debris, or toxic materials

A

Vacuole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

puts finishing touches on proteins and lipids, sorts and packages them into vesicles to carry them to the cell membrane

A

golgi body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Vesicles that contain powerful digestive enzymes

A

Lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Specializes in making ATP

A

mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Membrane-enclosed organelles that function in photosynthesis or storage in plants and algal cells

A

Plastid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Organelles that are specialized for photosynthesis

A

choloroplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Keeps plant cell and structures firm

A

central vacuole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Complex mixture of fibrous proteins an polysaccharides so secreted by cells,and varies with the type of tissue

A

extra cellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Structures that connect a cell to other cells and to the environment

A

Cell junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

An interconnected system of many protein filaments between the nucleus and plasma membrane

A

cytoskleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Are long, hollow cylinders that consisted of subunits of the protein tubulin

A

microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Are fibers that consists primarily of subunits of the globular proteins actin

A

microfilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

A barrel shaped structure that plays a role in microtubule formation in cilia, flagella, and eukaryotic spindles

A

centriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Functions as “false feet”

A

pseudopod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

A cell membrane has a mixed composition(mosaic) of lipids and proteins, the interactions and motions of which impart fluidity to it

A

fluid mosaic model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Protein or RNA that catalyzes(speeds) a reaction without being changed by it

A

Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

proteins that fasten cells to other cells and to ECM in animals tissues

A

adhesion proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Proteins that function as unique identity tags for each individual or species

A

Recognition proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Proteins that bind to a particular substance outside the cell, such as a hormone

A

receptor proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Are integral membrane proteins that move specific ions or molecules across a lipid bilayer

A

transport proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The membrane allows some substance but not others to cross it

A

selective permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Is the number of molecules or ions of a substance per unit volume of fluid

A

concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

A difference in concentration between two adjacent regions

A

concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Is the net or overall movement of molecules or ions down a concentration gradient

A

diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

A concentration gradient drives that diffusion of a solute across a cell membrane

A

passive transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Movement of substances against the concentration gradient using energy (ATP).

A

active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Are active transporters that move calcium ions across muscle cell membranes

A

calcium pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Move two substances at the same time

A

Cotransporter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

A vesicle that moves to the cell surface to leave the cell

A

exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

A cell that engulfs a substance to be inside the cell

A

endocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Is an endocytic pathway - cell eating

A

phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Water molecules tend to diffuse in response to their own concentration gradient

A

osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

A fluid with a low solute concentration relative to another fluid

A

hypotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

A fluid with a higher solute concentration

A

hypertonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Two fluids withs the same solute concentration

A

isotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Pressure that a volume of fluid exerts against a cell wall, membrane, tube, or anybody structure that holds

A

hydrostatic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

The amount of hydrostatic pressure that can stop water from diffusing into cytoplasmic fluid or other hypertonic solution

A

osmotic pressure

60
Q

a nuclear division mechanism that occurs in the somatic cells(body cells) of multicellular eukaryotes (asexual reproduction) 2 identical cells

A

mitosis

61
Q

a nuclear division mechanism that precedes the formation of gametes or spores, and it is the basis of sexual reproduction (4 non-identical cells)

A

meiosis

62
Q

Two molecules of DNA stay attached as a single chromosome until late in the nuclear division

A

sister chromatid

63
Q

A double stranded DNA molecule winds twice around “spools” of proteins

A

histone

64
Q

The smallest unit of structural organization in eukaryotic chromosomes

A

nucleosome

65
Q

The region where sister chromatids constrict where they attach to one another

A

centromere

66
Q

The life of a cell passes through a sequence of events between each cell division

A

Cell cycle

67
Q

A cell copies all of its DNA before it divides

A

DNA replication

68
Q

Consists of G1, S, and G2 phases, and includes the replication of DNA

A

interphase

69
Q

Is the sum of all chromosomes in a cell of a given type

A

chromosome number

70
Q

Describes a cell that has two copies of each chromosome

A

Diploid

71
Q

A dynamic network of microtubules that is responsible in the separation of sister chromatids during mitosis

A

biopolar spindle

72
Q

Chromosomes condense and become visible

A

Prophase

73
Q

The alignment of the chromosomes at the midline

A

Metaphase

74
Q

The interval when sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and move toward opposite spindle poles

A

Anaphase

75
Q

The two clusters of chromosomes reach the spindle poles, creating a cleavage furrow.

A

Telophase

76
Q

Cytoplasmic division -divides cell organelles throughout the cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

77
Q

Is anchored to the plasma membrane

A

contractile ring

78
Q

Vesicles and their wall building contents fuse into disk shaped structures

A

Cell plate

79
Q

Active genes that stimulate cells to grow and divide

A

Growth factors

80
Q

An abnormal mass in the surrounding tissues

A

Tumor

81
Q

Abnormal masses of cells that lost control over how they grow and divide

A

Neoplasms

82
Q

When the abnormally dividing cells of a malignant neoplasm disrupt body tissues, physically and metabolically

A

Cancer

83
Q

Regions in DNA that encodes information about traits

A

Genes

84
Q

One parent produces offspring, so all of its offspring inherit the same number and kinds of genes

A

Asexual reproduction

85
Q

Genetically identical copies of the parent

A

Clone

86
Q

The process involving meiosis, formation of mature reproductive cells, and fertilization

A

Sexual reproduction

87
Q

Different forms of a gene

A

Allele

88
Q

Chromosomes have the same length, shape, and collection of genes

A

Homologous

89
Q

Immature reproduced cells

A

Germ cells

90
Q

Mature reproductive cells

A

Gametes

91
Q

Single set of chromosomes

A

Haploid

92
Q

The first cell of a new individual

A

Zygote

93
Q

The process by which a chromosome and its homologous partner exchange corresponding segments

A

Crossing over

94
Q

Are diploid spores form by meiosis in their specialized parts

A

sporophytes

95
Q

A multi celled haploid body inside which one or more gametes form

A

gametophytes

96
Q

Spermatid mature as a male gamete

A

Sperm

97
Q

Matured female gamete, also known as ovum

A

Egg

98
Q

The fusion of two gametes produces a zygote

A

Fertilization

99
Q

Discovered cells by observing cork under a microscope.

A

Robert Hooke

100
Q

Improved microscopes and observed the first living cells (bacteria, protozoa).

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

101
Q

Cell Theory

A

• All living things are made of cells.
• Cells are the basic unit of structure and function.
• All cells come from pre-existing cells.

102
Q

Phospholipid bilayer with proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.

A

Cell Membrane Composition

103
Q

use light, lower magnification, view live specimens.

A

Light microscopes

104
Q

use electron beams, higher magnification, view non-living specimens.

A

Electron microscopes

105
Q

Composed of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, forming a barrier.

A

Phospholipid Bilayer

106
Q

Parts of a Phospholipid

A

Head (phosphate group, hydrophilic), Tail (fatty acid chains, hydrophobic).

107
Q

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy.

A

Simple Diffusion

108
Q

Passive transport through proteins for large or polar molecules.

A

Facilitated Diffusion

109
Q

Movement of water across a membrane from low to high solute concentration.

A

Osmosis

110
Q

Bulk Flow

A

Movement of fluids with suspended substances in bulk, such as blood flow.

111
Q

Pure water with no dissolved solutes.

A

Distilled Water

112
Q

TEM(Transmission Electron Microscope)

A

Used for internal structures

113
Q

SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope)

A

Used for surface details

114
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Process where a cell engulfs large particles or other cells.

115
Q

cell bursts in hypotonic solution

A

Lysis

116
Q

cell shrinks in hypertonic solution

A

Crenation

117
Q

pressure of the cell membrane against the cell wall in plant cells.

A

Turgor Pressure

118
Q

First immortal human cell line; crucial for research on cancer, vaccines, and more.

A

HeLa Cells

119
Q

DNA Structure

A

DNA is a double helix made of nucleotides that codes for proteins.

120
Q

Process that produces haploid gametes with genetic diversity.

A

Meiosis

121
Q

Identical copies of a chromosome connected by a centromere.

A

Sister Chromatids

122
Q

DNA in a Duplicated Chromosome

A

Two copies (sister chromatids).

123
Q

Cell Cycle

A

G1: growth, S: DNA replication, G2: preparation for mitosis, (PMAT)

124
Q

Cell Division in Life

A

Cells divide during growth and healing; stop in adulthood, except for skin, gut, and blood cells.

125
Q

Cell with two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

A

Diploid

126
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes pair up

127
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up at equator

128
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids pulled apart

129
Q

Telophase

A

cell pinches in the middle (cleavage furrow)

130
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm, forming two daughter cells.

131
Q

Uncontrolled cell growth forming a mass.

A

Tumor

132
Q

Non-cancerous tumor that doesn’t spread.

A

Benign

133
Q

Cancerous tumor that spreads and can be deadly

A

malignant

134
Q

Reduces chromosome number by half, creating genetic diversity.

A

Meiosis

135
Q

Produces genetically identical offspring (low variability).

A

Asexual Reproduction and Low-Genetic Variability (Mitosis)

136
Q

Reproductive Parts of a Flower

A

Stamens (male), pistils (female).

137
Q

Human Reproductive Cells

A

Sperm (male) and egg (female).

138
Q

Variant form of a gene.

A

Allele

139
Q

Identical halves of a duplicated chromosome.

A

Sister Chromatid

140
Q

One half of a duplicated chromosome.

A

Chromatid

141
Q

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

A

Crossing-over

142
Q

Chromosomes with the same genes, one from each parent.

A

Homologous

143
Q

Occurs in prophase I of meiosis.

A

Crossing-over

144
Q

Small cell produced in meiosis in females; usually non-functional.

A

Polar Body

145
Q

Fate of Polar Bodies

A

They usually degenerate

146
Q

Immature sperm cell formed in meiosis.

A

Spermatid

AP Biology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions