Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Biology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Q: What is biology?

A

A: Biology is the study of life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Q: What are the levels of organization in life?

A

A: Atoms molecules cells organisms populations communities ecosystems biosphere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Q: What is an emergent property?

A

A: A characteristic of a system that does not appear in any of its component parts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Q: Define energy in a biological context.

A

A: Energy is the capacity to do work.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Q: What is a nutrient?

A

A: A type of atom or molecule essential for growth and survival that an organism cannot make itself.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Q: What is the difference between producers and consumers?

A

A: Producers make their own food using environmental resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Q: What is homeostasis?

A

A: The process by which an organism maintains internal conditions within tolerable ranges.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Q: What is DNA?

A

A: DNA is the molecule of life that guides growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Q: What is a trait in biological terms?

A

A: A trait is a characteristic or feature that is inherited through DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Q: What is natural selection?

A

A: The process by which individuals with adaptive traits tend to survive and reproduce more than others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Q: What is a species?

A

A: A species is a kind of organism whose members can interbreed successfully and share heritable traits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Q: What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

A: Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and are often multicellular.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Q: What are the three domains of life?

A

A: Bacteria Archaea and Eukarya.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Q: What is a mutation in biological terms?

A

A: A mutation is a small-scale change in DNA that is the original source of new traits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Q: Define adaptive trait.

A

A: An adaptive trait is a heritable characteristic that improves an individual’s chances of survival and reproduction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Q: What is critical thinking in science?

A

A: Critical thinking involves judging the quality of information before accepting it as fact.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Q: What is the scientific method?

A

A: A systematic approach to research that includes making observations forming a hypothesis conducting experiments and drawing conclusions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Q: Define hypothesis.

A

A: A hypothesis is a testable explanation for a natural phenomenon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Q: What is a control group in an experiment?

A

A: The control group is the group in an experiment that is not exposed to the experimental variable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Q: What is the importance of a variable in an experiment?

A

A: A variable is a single characteristic that differs in the experimental group and is tested to determine its effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Q: What is an atom?

A

A: The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Q: What are the three subatomic particles in an atom?

A

A: Protons (positive) neutrons (neutral) and electrons (negative).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Q: What is the atomic number of an element?

A

A: The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Q: What is an ion?

A

A: An atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons giving it a positive or negative charge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Q: What are isotopes?

A

A: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Q: What is an ionic bond?

A

A: A type of bond where one atom transfers an electron to another atom resulting in attraction between oppositely charged ions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Q: What is a covalent bond?

A

A: A chemical bond formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Q: What is a polar covalent bond?

A

A: A covalent bond in which the electrons are shared unequally resulting in a molecule with slight charges.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Q: What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A: A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom often oxygen or nitrogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Q: What is the solvent property of water?

A

A: Water’s ability to dissolve many substances making it an essential medium for biological reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Q: What is pH a measure of?

A

A: The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Q: What is an acid?

A

A: A substance that donates hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Q: What is a base?

A

A: A substance that accepts hydrogen ions (H+) or releases hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Q: What is the pH scale range?

A

A: 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic) with 7 being neutral.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Q: What is a buffer?

A

A: A set of chemicals that stabilize pH by absorbing or releasing H+ ions as needed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Q: What are the four major classes of biological macromolecules?

A

A: Carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Q: What is a carbohydrate?

A

A: A molecule made of carbon hydrogen and oxygen that serves as a source of energy and structural material.

38
Q

Q: What is a monosaccharide?

A

A: The simplest form of carbohydrate consisting of one sugar unit (e.g. glucose).

39
Q

Q: What is a disaccharide?

A

A: A carbohydrate made up of two sugar units (e.g. sucrose).

40
Q

Q: What is a polysaccharide?

A

A: A complex carbohydrate consisting of hundreds to thousands of sugar units (e.g. starch cellulose).

41
Q

Q: What is a lipid?

A

A: A nonpolar molecule that does not dissolve in water including fats oils and waxes.

42
Q

Q: What is a fatty acid?

A

A: A long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end.

43
Q

Q: What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

A: Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds creating “kinks” in the chain.

44
Q

Q: What is a triglyceride?

A

A: A lipid composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid chains commonly used for energy storage.

45
Q

Q: What are phospholipids?

A

A: Molecules with two fatty acid tails and a phosphate group important in cell membrane structure.

46
Q

Q: What is a steroid?

A

A: A lipid molecule with four carbon rings such as cholesterol.

47
Q

Q: What is a protein?

A

A: A polymer made up of amino acids performing a variety of functions including enzymes structure transport and defense.

48
Q

Q: What is an amino acid?

A

A: The building block of proteins consisting of an amino group carboxyl group hydrogen atom and an “R” group.

49
Q

Q: What is a peptide bond?

A

A: A covalent bond formed between two amino acids during protein synthesis.

50
Q

Q: What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

A: The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

51
Q

Q: What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

A: The folding or coiling of the polypeptide chain into alpha helices or beta sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonds.

52
Q

Q: What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

A: The three-dimensional shape formed by interactions among the side chains (R groups) of amino acids.

53
Q

Q: What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

A: The association of two or more polypeptide chains into a functional protein complex.

54
Q

Q: What is denaturation in proteins?

A

A: The process where a protein loses its three-dimensional shape due to heat pH changes or chemicals resulting in loss of function.

55
Q

Q: What is DNA?

A

A: Deoxyribonucleic acid a double-stranded molecule that carries genetic information in cells.

56
Q

Q: What is RNA?

A

A: Ribonucleic acid a single-stranded molecule that plays a role in protein synthesis.

57
Q

Q: What is a nucleotide?

A

A: The building block of nucleic acids consisting of a sugar phosphate group and nitrogenous base.

58
Q

Q: What is ATP?

A

A: Adenosine triphosphate the energy currency of the cell.

59
Q

Q: What are the four bases in DNA?

A

A: Adenine guanine cytosine and thymine.

60
Q

Q: What are the bases in RNA?

A

A: Adenine guanine cytosine and uracil.

61
Q

Q: What is a hydrogen bond in DNA?

A

A: A weak bond that forms between complementary nitrogenous bases in the DNA double helix (A-T and C-G).

62
Q

Q: What is a gene?

A

A: A segment of DNA that contains instructions for building a protein.

63
Q

Q: What is the role of RNA in protein synthesis?

A

A: RNA helps translate the genetic code from DNA into proteins during transcription and translation.

64
Q

Q: What is metabolism?

A

A: The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism to maintain life.

65
Q

Q: What is an enzyme?

A

A: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the cell without being consumed by the reaction.

66
Q

Q: What is a substrate?

A

A: The molecule upon which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction.

67
Q

Q: What is activation energy?

A

A: The minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction.

68
Q

Q: What is a condensation reaction?

A

A: A reaction where two molecules combine to form a larger molecule with the loss of a water molecule.

69
Q

Q: What is hydrolysis?

A

A: A reaction that breaks down a larger molecule into smaller units by adding water.

70
Q

Q: What are the four main types of organic molecules?

A

A: Carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acids.

71
Q

Q: What is glycogen?

A

A: A polysaccharide used by animals to store energy in the liver and muscles.

72
Q

Q: What is cellulose?

A

A: A polysaccharide that provides structural support in plant cell walls.

73
Q

Q: What is chitin?

A

A: A nitrogen-containing polysaccharide that provides structure to arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.

74
Q

Q: What is the function of fats?

A

A: Fats provide energy storage insulation and protection for organs.

75
Q

Q: What is the difference between fats and oils?

A

A: Fats are solid at room temperature (saturated fats) while oils are liquid at room temperature (unsaturated fats).

76
Q

Q: What is cholesterol?

A

A: A type of steroid that is found in cell membranes and is a precursor for the synthesis of hormones.

77
Q

Q: What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

A: The unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

78
Q

Q: What determines a protein’s function?

A

A: The protein’s three-dimensional structure (primary secondary tertiary and quaternary levels).

79
Q

Q: What are nucleic acids?

A

A: Biomolecules that store and transmit genetic information including DNA and RNA.

80
Q

Q: What is the role of nucleotides?

A

A: Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids and play roles in energy transfer (e.g. ATP).

81
Q

Q: What is the importance of water in biological systems?

A

A: Water is essential for life acting as a solvent regulating temperature

82
Q

Pg. 6

A

Energy input mainly from sunlight —-> Producers, plants and other self feeding organisms —-> consumers, animals, most fungi, many protists, bacteria —-> Nutrient Cycling(nutrients release by decomposition cycle back to producers) —-> Energy flows out of an ecosystem as heat

83
Q

What is your body’s internal environment? pH?

A

pH 7.3 and 7.5

84
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Two molecules, covalently bond and two a larger one.

85
Q

Cleavage reaction

A

A molecule splits into two smaller ones

86
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

a hormone that promotes social bonding, childbirth, and lactation, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland.

87
Q

Altruistic behavior

A

Behavior that enhances another individuals reproductive success at the altruists expense.

88
Q

Imprinting

A

is a rapid, irreversible form of learning where an animal forms strong attachments during a critical early period, often to a parent.

89
Q

Three most common elements in the human body

A

Hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon

90
Q

Most abundant carbohydrate

A

Cellulose

91
Q

Which molecule provides the most amount of energy

A

Lipids

AP Biology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions