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Semantics > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

referents

A

words mean because they refer

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2
Q

referring expressions

A

names, noun/NPs, deictic expressions

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3
Q

generic referent

A

type/class of something

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4
Q

definite referent

A

specific object or item

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5
Q

indefinite referent

A

not specific, anything satisfying the condition

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6
Q

names

A

labels for people, places and objects. unique as the audience can identify referent

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7
Q

origins of names

A

description theory - label for knowledge of referent
causal theory - socially inherited, speaker doesn’t necessarily have knowledge of referent

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8
Q

nouns / NPs

A

pick out objects, substances and ideas. definite, indefinite or no referent at all

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9
Q

deictic expressions

A

refer without meaning, referent dependent on context

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10
Q

spatial deixis

A

refer to places relevant to speech
proximal - ‘this’
distal - ‘that’

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11
Q

personal deixis

A

refer to people relevant to speech e.g. me/you/her

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12
Q

temporal deixis

A

reference depending on time of discourse e.g. now, today

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13
Q

discourse deixis

A

refer to points in the discourse
anaphoric - already said
cataphoric - about to be said

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14
Q

sense

A

meaning beyond the referent, the mind’s idea. depends on the relation between words and speaker’s knowledge. not subjective and doesn’t differ between speakers.

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15
Q

denotation

A

objective, doesn’t differ among individuals, primary meaning

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16
Q

connotation

A

subjective, personal to individuals

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17
Q

concepts

A

meaning of words are concepts that form in the mind

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18
Q

mentalese

A

basic constituents of thought

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19
Q

conceptual theory of meaning

A

logical entry - the mind’s idea (sense)
lexical entry - information about words to verbalise a concept
encyclopedic entry - subjective, personal information

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20
Q

assigning lexical category

A

morphological, semantic, distributional

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21
Q

morphological criteria

A

certain word types can take on certain morphemes (inflection is rare in PDE)

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22
Q

semantic criteria

A

commonalities in meaning

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23
Q

distributional criteria

A

patterning of words, only certain word types can go in spaces

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24
Q

procedural items

A

cannot refer, don’t have concepts, encode procedures / instructions

25
Q

types of procedural items

A

determiners, conjunctions, proforms, prepositions

26
Q

determiners

A

specify reference of nouns
possessives (relationship between interlocutors + noun)
article (definite / indefinite)
demonstratives (proximity to speaker/hearer)

26
Q

proforms

A

deictic expressions that replace linguistic elements

26
Q

conjunctions

A

sequential, oppositional, cause/effect

27
Q

prepositions

A

spatial, temporal

28
Q

interjections

A

halfway between procedural and conceptual items, involve involuntary/instinctive expression, lack referent but express

29
Q

primary interjections

A

don’t follow english phonology, monosyllabic, not homophonous

30
Q

secondary interjections

A

lexical items taken from English but with different meaning

31
Q

meaning of interjections

A

emotive / expressive (wow, yay, shit)
conative / violate (speaker’s intention/desire - shh, psst)

32
Q

nouns

A

parts of speech that can refer but need not do so

33
Q

types of nouns

A

count nouns, mass nouns, collective/distributive nouns

34
Q

properties of nouns

A

living or lifeless, time-stability or fleeting, property or characteristic

35
Q

adjectives

A

denotes a property or characteristic

36
Q

types of adjective

A

relative descriptors (relative to standard, restricts applicability), ambiguous, whole/part entity, negational

37
Q

relationship between adjectives and nouns

A

restrictive, endocentric (noun remains a noun), heightening or lowering

38
Q

verbs

A

predicate, fundamental part to a sentence

39
Q

tense

A

marks the temporal location of an event. deictic as an utterance is anchored deictically in moment of time.
choice of tense has implicature on how the event is understood

40
Q

aspect

A

time within the event itself - close up or at a distance
choice has no reflection on the event itself.

41
Q

aktionsart

A

states, achievements, accomplishments, activities

42
Q

parameters of aktionsart

A

static, telic (bounded), punctual

43
Q

states

A

static, unchanging situations
[+static] [-telic] [-punctual]

44
Q

achievements

A

punctual, instantaneous events
[-static] [+telic] [+punctual]

45
Q

accomplishments

A

durative events bounded by an end point
[-static] [+telic] [-punctual]

46
Q

activities

A

ongoing event with no end point
[-static] [-telic] [-punctual]

47
Q

semelfactives

A

single instance events, often repeated
[-static] [-telic] [+punctual]

48
Q

exception of achievements

A

central point with an onset and coda phase.
inceptive type coding - process leading up to event
resultative type coding - result after event

49
Q

meaning relations

A

semantic - meaning features
associative - co-occurrence in discourse
thematic - reference to elements co-occurring in events

50
Q

monosemy

A

single phonological form with a single meaning. e.g. technical terms

51
Q

polysemy

A

single phonological form with different meanings that share a sense

52
Q

types of polysemy

A

regular - meaning extended systematically
irregular - no underlying rule to the shared concept

53
Q

tests for polysemy

A

definitional - number of senses based on number of meanings
logistic - can be true/false of the same referent
linguistic - predicates the same information without sounding bizarre

54
Q

homonymy

A

single phonological form with different unrelated meanings

55
Q

synonymy

A

same meaning on all dimensions, words can be substituted

56
Q
A

Semantics (3 decks)

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