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Semantics > pragmatics > Flashcards

pragmatics Flashcards

1
Q

pragmatics

A

study meaning in interaction taking into account the speaker and the hearer

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2
Q

parts of pragmatics

A

disambiguation, reference assignment, conceptual adjustment, recovery of inarticulated constituents, identification of S attitudes/intention, implicit content

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3
Q

performative actions

A

self-referential, self-verifying, non-falsifiable, felicity conditions

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4
Q

austin’s illocutionary acts

A

expositives, verdictives, comissives, exercitives, behabatives

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5
Q

expositives

A

statements or opinions about state of affairs
eg. state, affirm, deny, insist

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6
Q

verdictives

A

give a verdict
eg. declare, name, analyse, estimate

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7
Q

commissive (austin)

A

commit the speaker to doing something, or announce something
eg. promise, propose

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8
Q

exercitive

A

exert power or influence
eg. demand, order, advise

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9
Q

behabative

A

express attitude or emotion of speaker
eg. thank, congratulate, apologise

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10
Q

austin’s felicity conditions

A

1 - conventionally with correct people and conditions
2 - carried out correctly and completely
3 - genuine emotion, viewed as binding

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11
Q

conventionally indirect speech acts

A

semantics don’t tell the meaning but expression has become conventionally appropriate

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12
Q

non-conventionally indirect speech acts

A

semantics doesn’t tell meaning and hearer must make inference

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13
Q

searle’s criteria

A

illocutionary point, direction of fit, psychological state, propositional content

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14
Q

searle’s speech acts

A

assertives, declaratives, directives, commissives, expressives

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15
Q

assertives

A

something being the case
have truth values
words to world
S belief that p

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16
Q

declaratives

A

express change in state in immediate way
propositional content relates to the world
both direction of fit
no psychological state

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17
Q

directive

A

attempt to make H perform an action
cause H to do
world to words
S intention that H do

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18
Q

commissive (searle)

A

commit S to future action
future action
world to words
S intention to do

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19
Q

expressive

A

express how S feels
S’s attitude in propositional content
no direction of fit
different psychological states

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20
Q

searle’s felicity conditions

A

propositional content
preparatory conditions - participants and things involved
sincerity conditions
essential conditions - consequence of action

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21
Q

cooperative principle

A

communicators work together to establish what is being communicated with a shared goal

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22
Q

CP maxims

A

quality, quantity, relation, manner

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23
Q

maxim of quality

A

be truthful, do not say for which you lack evidence

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24
Q

maxim of quantity

A

be concise, informative, do not give more information than necessary

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25
Q

maxim of relevance

A

be relevant

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26
Q

maxim of manner

A

be orderly, be brief, do not be ambiguous or obscure

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27
Q

implicature

A

meaning communicated by speaker intentionally and implicitly. deduced by inferential ability

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28
Q

implications

A

conclusions made by hearer by observing S attitude, may not be intended

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29
Q

conventionalised implicature

A

follow from meaning that has become conventionally appropriate - encoded

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30
Q

generalised conversational implicature

A

follow from when words are used, unless specifically cancelled
not context-dependent but rely on specific aspects

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31
Q

particularised conversational implicature

A

follow from when words are used, depending on context and maxims

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32
Q

characteristics of implicature

A

non-detachable, context-dependency, cancelability, calculability

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33
Q

generating implicature

A

failure to fulfill maxims or flouting maxims

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34
Q

unostentatious maxims

A

non-observance is not obvious

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35
Q

maxim infringement

A

accidental violation of maxim

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36
Q

opting out

A

unwillingness

37
Q

suspending a maxim

A

violation of maxim for cultural/contextual reason

38
Q

flouting the maxim

A

blatantly ignoring maxim

39
Q

clash of maxims

A

to perform one, another must be violated

40
Q

politeness

A

the linguistic encoding of social interaction
a way of treating people and taking other people’s feelings into account
aim to avoid interpersonal conflict

41
Q

rule of politeness

A

lakoff
be clear (CP) and be polite
formality, hesitancy, camararderie

42
Q

formality

A

social distance or hierarchy, do not impose

43
Q

hesitancy

A

give options, social distance but equilibrium

44
Q

camararderie

A

same status, be nice, make H feel good

45
Q

politeness principle

A

leech
to be polite S expresses meaning favourable to H or unfavourable to S

46
Q

6 maxims of PP

A

tact, generosity, approbation, modesty, agreement, sympathy

47
Q

tact

A

give a low value to S want
minimise cost to H
maximise H benefit

48
Q

generosity

A

give high value to H want
minimise S benefit
maximise S cost

49
Q

approbation

A

give high value to H qualities
minimise indifference of H
maximise approval of H

50
Q

modesty

A

give low value to S qualities
minimise S praise
maximise S indifference

51
Q

agreement

A

give high value to H opinion
minimise disagreement
maximise agreement

52
Q

sympathy

A

give high value to H feeling
minimise antipathy
maximise sympathy

53
Q

negative politeness

A

minimising impoliteness of impolite acts

54
Q

positive politeness

A

maximising politeness of polite acts

55
Q

illocutions of PP

A

competitive, convivial, collaborative, conflictive

56
Q

competitive

A

challenge social relationship, negative politeness
eg. ordering, demanding, commanding

57
Q

convivial

A

enhance social relationship, positive politeness
eg. offering, inviting, congratulating

58
Q

collaborative

A

indifferent to politeness
eg. stating, affirming

59
Q

conflictive

A

damage, cause offence
eg. insulting, threatening

60
Q

face-saving model

A

brown + levinson
face is a universal feature that is the personal concept an individual has of themself, created through interaction

61
Q

negative face

A

the desire that actions be unhindered, want to have freedom

62
Q

positive face

A

the desire that one’s desires be viewed as desirable

63
Q

threaten H negative face

A

demanding, warning, advising, ordering

64
Q

threaten H positive face

A

insulting, criticising, disagreeing

65
Q

threaten S negative face

A

accepting help/gratitude, promising

66
Q

threaten S positive face

A

apologising

67
Q

factors affecting FTAs

A

power, social distance, rank of imposition

68
Q

power

A

asymmetric relationship
legitimate (hierarchy), referent (skill), expert (knowledge)

69
Q

social distance

A

symmetrical relationship, companionship

70
Q

rank of imposition

A

‘pain’ given to H face

71
Q

baldly on the record

A

emergency
power over H
difficulties in communicative channel

72
Q

on the record, with redressive action by use of positive politeness

A

cooperativeness with H
common ground
membership
joke
attend H needs
exaggeration
give options/reasons
reciprocity
optimism

73
Q

on the record, with redressive action by use of negative politeness

A

indirectness
do not coerce H
apologise
show indebtedness
do not presuppose
pessimism
deferential
state as if were rule
nominalisation

74
Q

off the record

A

violate maxims
quality - contradict, irony, metaphors
quantity - exaggerate, understate
relevance - hint, say something different
manner - incompleteness, vague, generalise

75
Q

bald on the record impoliteness

A

damage H face

76
Q

positive impoliteness

A

threaten H positive face - ignoring desire to be liked

77
Q

negative impoliteness

A

threaten H negative face - demanding from H

78
Q

off the record impoliteness

A

implicatures

79
Q

withheld politeness

A

not doing a polite action

80
Q

impoliteness metastrategies

A

insincere, irony, sarcasm

81
Q

conversational contract

A

fraser & nolen
set of rules and obligations in conversation
adequacy

82
Q

CC politeness systems

A

solidarity, deference, hierarchical

83
Q

deference

A

[-P, +D]
negative politeness and off record

84
Q

solidarity

A

[-P, -D]
positive politeness

85
Q

hierarchical

A

[+P, -/+D]
power - all three
subject - negative, off-record

86
Q

rapport management

A

spencer-oatey
rapport = harmony in social relationships

87
Q

3 factors of successful rapport management

A

face sensitivities, rights/obligations, interactional goals

88
Q

rapport orientations

A

maintenance, enhancement, challenge, neglect

Semantics (4 decks)

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