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Semantics > definitions > Flashcards

definitions Flashcards

1
Q

semantics

A

the study of the ways in which linguistic expressions have meaning

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2
Q

meaning

A

the mental representations in the mind conveyed through linguistic expressionss

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3
Q

icon

A

a sign that is associated with what it represents by means of a similarity relationship

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4
Q

index

A

a sign that is closely associated with its signified, often in a causal relationship

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5
Q

symbol

A

conventionalised object used to refer to something

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6
Q

sound symbolism

A

arbitrary correspondences between certain sounds and certain meanings

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7
Q

onomatopoeia

A

a resemblance relationship between sound and meaning which involves the linguistic mimicking of non-linguistic sounds.

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8
Q

phonesthesia

A

a resemblance relationship between sound and meaning when the sound of a word reminds us of the action or object

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9
Q

phonesthemes

A

a resemblance relationship between sound and meaning involving the random association of sound groupings with meaning

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10
Q

morphemes

A

minimal meaning bearing units

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11
Q

derivational morphemes

A

minimal unit bearing units that change the category of a word and change the word’s meaning

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12
Q

inflectional morphemes

A

minimal meaning bearing units that alter the meaning of a word without changing the lexical category

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13
Q

open class words

A

lexical items that have no clear limitations to the meaning they can express

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14
Q

closed class words

A

lexical items that behave like morphemes

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15
Q

idiom

A

non-compositional phrase whose overall meaning is different to the combined meaning of the individual constituents

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16
Q

collocations

A

words that tend to appear together, with one meaning being specified by the other word

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17
Q

content words

A

main carriers of information in a sentence

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18
Q

function words

A

represent items from a limited choice of expressions of the same kind

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19
Q

referent

A

the entity referred to by an expression

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20
Q

expression meaning

A

the level of meaning involving the meaning of words, phrases and sentences taken out of contextu

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21
Q

utterance meaning

A

the level of meaning involving meaning of words, phrases and sentence in a particular context which relies on truth factors

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22
Q

communicative meaning

A

the level of meaning involving how the meaning of an utterance is interpreted

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23
Q

referent

A

the thing in the world that a linguistic expression denotes or stands for

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24
Q

referring expressions

A

linguistic expressions that denote or stand for real world objects or events

25
Q

names

A

labels for people, places and objects

26
Q

deictic expressions

A

linguistic expressions that point to a referent without meaning

27
Q

sense

A

the mind’s idea with the word removed. an extension beyond reference

28
Q

conceptual theory of meaning

A

the theory that states that the meaning of words are the concepts that form in the mind

29
Q

concepts

A

mental, psychological entities that contain the essential, defining properties.

30
Q

conceptual items

A

lexical items that activate mental concepts

31
Q

procedural items

A

lexical items that cannot refer and lack concepts. they encode procedures

32
Q

determiners

A

procedural items that specify the reference of nouns

33
Q

proforms

A

procedural items that deictic and stand in for other linguistic elements

34
Q

conjunctions

A

procedural items that signal various relations including cause-effect, sequentiality and opposition

35
Q

prepositions

A

procedural items that signal various relations including spatial and temporal

36
Q

interjections

A

lexical items that are halfway between conceptual and procedural. involuntary and symptomatic signals that lack referent but express

37
Q

nouns

A

lexical items that can refer but need not to do so, they denote living or lifeless, time-stablility or fleeting, property or characteristic

38
Q

count nouns

A

lexical items belonging to the word category that denotes objects or events that are discrete units with the ability to be counted

39
Q

mass nouns

A

lexical items belonging to the word category noun which cannot be counted

40
Q

adjectives

A

lexical items which denote property or characteristic of objects, persons or things

41
Q

verbs

A

the part of speech that predicates, attributing a property to a referent

42
Q

tense

A

a morphosyntactic feature marking the differences in the temporal location of events

43
Q

aspect

A

the way of presenting time within the event itself, how the internal temporal constituency of an event is viewed

44
Q

aktionsart

A

aspectual properties of events denoted by verbs

45
Q

adverbs

A

lexical items which indicate how an action denoted by a verb is performed or modify the quality denoted by an adjective

46
Q

monosemy

A

a meaning relation in which a word has a single meaning

47
Q

polysemy

A

a meaning relation in which a single phonological form possesses several conceptually related meanings

48
Q

homonymy

A

a meaning relation in which a single phonological form has various unrelated meanings

49
Q

synonymy

A

a semantic relation in which lexical items share the same meaning

50
Q

antonymy

A

a semantic relation involving oppositeness

51
Q

meronymy

A

a semantic relation between a part and a whole, a relation of part to a whole

52
Q

hyponymy and hyperonymy

A

a semantic relation involving a kind/type/sort of relation that forms a hierarchal structure

53
Q

taxonomy

A

hyponymic hierarchies of names.

54
Q

associative relations

A

meaning relations in which the real units of meaning are not isolated but combinations of words

55
Q

collocations

A

an associative relation in which meaning arises from the combination of words that tend to appear together

56
Q

colligations

A

an associative relation involving co-occurrence tendencies among word classes where classes tend to prefer or avoid certain grammatical categories

57
Q

semantic preference

A

an associative relation involving co-occurrence tendencies based on meaning

58
Q

semantic prosody

A

an associative relation involving combination of words due to shared connotation

Semantics (3 decks)

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