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Biology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

2 smaller molecules join to form one larger molecule

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2
Q

Hydrolysis

A

splits apart a polymer into a shorter molecule by adding a water molecule

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3
Q

Common process used to form and break down bonds to synthesize structures

A

-Dehydration synthesis
-Hydrolysis

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4
Q

Examples of macromolecules

A

-Nucleic Acid
-Protein
-Lipids
-Carbohydrates

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5
Q

Why do we need to eat

A

-Because food provides our body’s with things we can’t produce

-Helps with growth and development

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6
Q

Amino acid

A

A molecule that combines to make protein

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7
Q

Unsaturated

A

-liquid at room temp
-plant-based (oils)

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8
Q

Saturated

A

-solid at room temp
-Animal-based (Fats & Lards)

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9
Q

Triglyceride

A

A molecule made up of one glycerol linked to 3 fatty acids

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10
Q

Hormones

A

A molecule that acts like a messenger to the body

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11
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Used as an Energy source
-Helps with brain function and body activity

Used for Cell communication
-glycoproteins on the plasma membrane

Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

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12
Q

Three polysaccharides that are important for nutrition

A

-Starch
-Glycogen
-Cellulose (Fiber)

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13
Q

Starch

A

-store energy in plants
-starch is made of thousands of glucose units linked together in a long, linear chain

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14
Q

Similarities between Starch and Glycogen

A

Both store energy

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15
Q

Glycogen

A

-In humans they store energy in the liver
-broken down to glucose for body use
-branched chain of glucose monomers

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16
Q

Cellulose (Fiber)

A

-glucose in plants that form cellulose to build a cell wall
-animals & plants cannot digest cellulose
-most abundant organic compound

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17
Q

How does cellulose differ from starch and glycogen

A

It creates something from energy, instead of storing it

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18
Q

Glucose

A

-A primary source of energy

-A type of carbohydrate with a reaction of C6H12O6

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19
Q

C6H12O6

A

6 Carbon, 12 Hydrogen, and 6 Oxygen molecules bonded together to make one glucose molecule

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20
Q

Where does carbohydrate digestion take place

A

Small intestine

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21
Q

Examples of where lipids are found

A

-fats, oils & waxes
-phospholipids
-steroids

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22
Q

lipids

A

Energy source
-provides twice the amount of energy than carbs
-prevents heat loss
-cushions organs
-important to make hormones

-Made up of CHOPN

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23
Q

Monounsaturated fats

A

Contain one c-c double bond

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24
Q

Polyunsaturated fats

A

Contain more than one c-c double bond

25
Q

Where does lipid digestion take place

A

Small intestine

26
Q

Colesterol

A

-A substance in your blood and liver
-Helps make hormones

27
Q

Protein

A

-A source of energy
-helps build muscle and bone
-fights infections
-channels and carrier proteins
-makes hormones

28
Q

Structure of protein

A

-Primary
-Secondary
-Tertiary
-Quadernary

29
Q

Primary (1)

A

-Amino acids in a chain
-slightest affect can change protein structure

30
Q

Secondary (2)

A

A chain of amino acids fold into two kinds of structures
1.Alpha Helix
2.Beta-pleated sheets

31
Q

Tertiary (3)

A

Alpha Helix & Beta-pleated sheets are folded and held together by bonds to give the protein a 3D shape

32
Q

Quaternary (4)

A

-More than one polypeptide chain held together by bonds
-not all make it to this stage

33
Q

How does protein differ from carbs and lipids

A

Take longer to break down

34
Q

Building blocks for protein

A

Amino acids

35
Q

What is an essential amino acid

A

It is something our body cannot make on its own

36
Q

How do we retrieve an essential amino acid

A

By eating food like meat, fish, and eggs

37
Q

Where does protein digestion take place

A

Stomach

38
Q

What happens when protein changes shape? What is it called

A

-disrupts bonds
-3D protein structure is unfolded into the liner polypeptide strands
-Destroys ability for protein to do its job

Name: Protein Denatration

39
Q

A name for when protein is being destroyed

A

Protein distribution

40
Q

Lock & key theory

A

Enzyme and substrate must be a perfect match

41
Q

Included-fit theory

A

Enzyme needs to change shape in order to bind to substrate

42
Q

Factors that effect enzyme function

A

-Substrate
-Enzyme
-Tempurature
-pH

43
Q

Substrate

A

An increase in substrate will increase the reaction rate only to a point

44
Q

Enzyme

A

An increase in enzyme will increase rate of reaction

45
Q

Temperate

A

At a certain temperature, the bonds are distrupted and the enzyme changes shape

46
Q

pH

A

A change in pH can distrupt bonds, changing the shape of an enzyme

47
Q

What is the relation ship between substrate and enzyme

A

They both bind together in the active site. The enzyme then holds the substrate in place so a reaction can occur

48
Q

When a bond is weakened, what happens?

A

The enzyme becomes dentured and your body can no longer use it

49
Q

How do enzymes affect activation energy

A

They increase the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy

50
Q

catalyst

A

A substance that speeds up reactions without being affected by the reaction itself

51
Q

Inorganic

A

-Do not have both C&H
-Usually small & ionic
Ex: NaCl, H2O

52
Q

Organic

A

-Contain both C&H
-Have Covalent bonds
-usually larger
Ex: C6H12O6

53
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars
One carbohydrate molecule
-glucose
-galactose
-fructose

54
Q

Disaccharides

A

Complex sugars
2 carbohydrate molecules linked together
-Maltose
-Lactose
-Sucrose

55
Q

Polysaccharide

A

More than 3 carbohydrate molecules linked together
-Starch
-Glycogen
-Cellulose(fiber)

56
Q

Dipeptide

A

two amino acids joined together by a peptide bond

57
Q

What happens in the process of dehydration synthesis (name all 3)

A

Carbs: Glycocitic linkage
Lipids:Ester linkage
Proteins: Peptide bond

58
Q

Activation energy

A

The amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Biology (4 decks)

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